40 Questions
What can happen if an acidophilic tumor occurs after adolescence?
Bones cannot grow taller but can become thicker
What is a common effect of acromegaly on the lower jaw?
It slants forward (Prognathism)
In acromegaly, what can lead to a hunched back?
Changes in the vertebrae causing kyphosis
What is a notable effect of acromegaly on the nose?
It increases to as much as twice normal size
What happens to the hands in acromegaly?
They almost double in size
What is a common effect of acromegaly on the forehead?
It slants forward due to excess development of supraorbital ridges
What is a characteristic effect of acromegaly on feet size?
Feet require size 14 or larger shoes
What causes enlargement in the bones in acromegaly?
Fusion of epiphyses with shafts after adolescence
In which nuclei is ADH primarily formed?
Supraoptic nuclei
What happens if an acidophilic tumor occurs after the epiphyses of the long bones have fused?
The person cannot grow taller
Where are the posterior pituitary hormones synthesized?
Cell bodies of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
What is oxytocin primarily formed in?
Paraventricular nuclei
How many amino acids are in oxytocin?
9
What happens if the pituitary stalk is cut above the pituitary gland but the hypothalamus is left intact?
Hormone secretion decreases transiently
"Carrier" proteins called neurophysins help transport the hormones down to where?
"Carrier" proteins transport them to nerve endings in the posterior pituitary
"If a tumor occurs post-adolescence and before bone fusion, what growth changes may occur?
"No height changes but thicker bones and continuous soft tissue growth"
What is the gold standard test for assessing growth hormone reserve?
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia (insulin tolerance test)
When growth hormone is administered directly into the blood of an animal, what happens to the rate of endogenous growth hormone secretion?
It decreases
What is uncertain regarding the feedback mechanism for growth hormone secretion?
Both a and b
In the disease kwashiorkor, which treatment was effective in lowering growth hormone concentration?
Protein treatment
Which condition is a more potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion under acute conditions?
Hypoglycemia
In chronic conditions, what does growth hormone secretion seem to correlate more with?
The degree of cellular protein depletion
What is the condition characterized by the production of large quantities of growth hormone?
Gigantism
In the condition of gigantism, when does the rapid growth of body tissues occur?
Before adolescence
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Inferior to larynx and anterior to the trachea
Which hormone(s) does the thyroid follicle produce?
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
What is the primary function of the hormones T4 and T3?
Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) and stimulate protein synthesis
Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells or C cells
What is the primary function of calcitonin?
Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption
What percentage of the thyroid hormones secreted is thyroxine (T4)?
93%
How is iodine deficiency prevented in the general population?
By consuming iodized table salt
What is the first stage in the formation of thyroid hormones?
Transport of iodides from the blood into the thyroid glandular cells and follicles
What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
To increase water reabsorption in the kidneys
Which of the following triggers the release of ADH?
Increased extracellular fluid osmolarity
What is the primary difference between the amino acid sequences of vasopressin and oxytocin?
Vasopressin has phenylalanine and arginine, while oxytocin has isoleucine and leucine
What is the primary target tissue for ADH?
Kidneys
Which of the following receptors are responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure and volume, which can trigger ADH release?
Baroreceptors
What is the role of ADH in regulating blood pressure?
It causes vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure
Where are the osmoreceptors that detect changes in extracellular fluid osmolarity located?
Somewhere in or near the hypothalamus
What is the secondary effect of ADH on sweat glands?
It decreases water loss by perspiration
Test your knowledge on insulin-induced hypoglycemia (insulin tolerance test [ITT]) and the regulation of growth hormone secretion through negative feedback control mechanisms. Explore how growth hormone secretion is influenced by inhibitory factors.
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