Hamdan-Endocrine Physiology

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What can happen if an acidophilic tumor occurs after adolescence?

Person may develop panhypopituitarism

Bones cannot grow taller but can become thicker (correct)

Person may develop hyperglycemia

Person can grow taller

What is a common effect of acromegaly on the lower jaw?

It slants forward (Prognathism) (correct)

It becomes smaller

It retracts backward

It becomes narrower

In acromegaly, what can lead to a hunched back?

Enlargement in the hands and feet

Changes in the vertebrae causing kyphosis (correct)

Thickening of fingers

Enlargement in the nose

What is a notable effect of acromegaly on the nose?

It increases to as much as twice normal size Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the hands in acromegaly?

They almost double in size Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of acromegaly on the forehead?

It slants forward due to excess development of supraorbital ridges Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic effect of acromegaly on feet size?

Feet require size 14 or larger shoes Signup and view all the answers

What causes enlargement in the bones in acromegaly?

Fusion of epiphyses with shafts after adolescence Signup and view all the answers

In which nuclei is ADH primarily formed?

Supraoptic nuclei Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an acidophilic tumor occurs after the epiphyses of the long bones have fused?

The person cannot grow taller Signup and view all the answers

Where are the posterior pituitary hormones synthesized?

Cell bodies of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei Signup and view all the answers

What is oxytocin primarily formed in?

Paraventricular nuclei Signup and view all the answers

How many amino acids are in oxytocin?

9 Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the pituitary stalk is cut above the pituitary gland but the hypothalamus is left intact?

Hormone secretion decreases transiently Signup and view all the answers

"Carrier" proteins called neurophysins help transport the hormones down to where?

"Carrier" proteins transport them to nerve endings in the posterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

"If a tumor occurs post-adolescence and before bone fusion, what growth changes may occur?

"No height changes but thicker bones and continuous soft tissue growth" Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard test for assessing growth hormone reserve?

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia (insulin tolerance test) Signup and view all the answers

When growth hormone is administered directly into the blood of an animal, what happens to the rate of endogenous growth hormone secretion?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is uncertain regarding the feedback mechanism for growth hormone secretion?

Both a and b Signup and view all the answers

In the disease kwashiorkor, which treatment was effective in lowering growth hormone concentration?

Protein treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a more potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion under acute conditions?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

In chronic conditions, what does growth hormone secretion seem to correlate more with?

The degree of cellular protein depletion Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by the production of large quantities of growth hormone?

Gigantism Signup and view all the answers

In the condition of gigantism, when does the rapid growth of body tissues occur?

Before adolescence Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Inferior to larynx and anterior to the trachea Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone(s) does the thyroid follicle produce?

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hormones T4 and T3?

Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) and stimulate protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?

Parafollicular cells or C cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calcitonin?

Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the thyroid hormones secreted is thyroxine (T4)?

93% Signup and view all the answers

How is iodine deficiency prevented in the general population?

By consuming iodized table salt Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage in the formation of thyroid hormones?

Transport of iodides from the blood into the thyroid glandular cells and follicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

To increase water reabsorption in the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following triggers the release of ADH?

Increased extracellular fluid osmolarity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the amino acid sequences of vasopressin and oxytocin?

Vasopressin has phenylalanine and arginine, while oxytocin has isoleucine and leucine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target tissue for ADH?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors are responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure and volume, which can trigger ADH release?

Baroreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ADH in regulating blood pressure?

It causes vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Where are the osmoreceptors that detect changes in extracellular fluid osmolarity located?

Somewhere in or near the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the secondary effect of ADH on sweat glands?

It decreases water loss by perspiration Signup and view all the answers