Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

Which of the actions are NOT associated with the hormone insulin?

  • Increases glycolysis
  • Increases glycogenesis
  • Increases glycogenolysis (correct)
  • Decreases gluconeogenesis

    • Which findings are NOT consistent with hyperglycemia?

  • Increased glucose in plasma and urine
  • Increased urine specific gravity
  • Increased urine ketones
  • Increased blood and urine pH (correct)

    • Which do NOT characterize Type I diabetes mellitus?

  • Tendency for ketosis
  • No or low insulin level
  • Insulin resistance (correct)
  • Presence of autoantibodies

    • Which result below best indicated impaired glucose tolerance?

    <p>2 hr OGTT &gt; 140 mg/dL but &lt; 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criteria are NOT used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?

    <p>FPG of &gt; 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement below INCORRECTLY describe Von-Gierke disease?

    <p>Insufficient glycogen stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is FALSE about glucose measurement?

    <p>Serum, plasma, urine, or whole blood can be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the preferred method to measure glycated hemoglobin?

    <p>Affinity chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Persistent albuminuria

    <p>Albumin creatinine ratio of 30-300 mg/24 hour in 2 out of 3 urine collections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is involved in measuring HbA1c using cation exchange chromatography?

    <p>The negatively charged hemoglobins attached to the positively charged resin bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HbA1c value translates to about 126 mg/dL of average plasma glucose?

    <p>6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uses G6PD in coupling reaction

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ferric reduction is indicated by yellow to colorless reaction

    <p>Hagedorn Jensen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primarily affected by increased uric and ascorbic acid

    <p>Glucose oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on condensation with aromatic amines to Schiff bases

    <p>Ortho toluidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Affinity chromotography is NOT affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coupled reaction in glucose oxidase measurement is known as the Trinder's reaction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 1 constitutes 80-90% of the majority of cases of diabetes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoglycemia causes brain fuel deprivation and can result to seizures even death.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose concentration in whole blood is approximately 11% higher in plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horseradish peroxidase is used in hexokinase to catalyze the second reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glucose hexokinase method may be performed in plasma using EDTA, heparin, or citrate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADA recommends that a quarterly HbA1c test may be performed for patients not meeting treatment goals for diabetes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    No method can be used to determine ketones in urine or blood that react with all ketones bodies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best time to collect for fasting blood glucose?

    <p>Morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the enzymes for the determination of blood sugar is most specific for B-D-glucose?

    <p>Glucose oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is used as the coupling enzyme in the Hexokinase method of glucose determination?

    <p>G6PD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Best method for measurement of blood glucose

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent in blood glucose measurement is used to convert a to B-D glucose

    <p>Mutarotase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromogen is commonly used in Glucose oxidase method for blood glucose measurement?

    <p>Dimethylaniline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Copper reduction method of glucose measurement involves the use of BaSO4 to remove saccharoids

    <p>Nelson Somogyi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates to fatty acids

    <p>Lipogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breakdown of fats

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose to glycogen storage

    <p>Glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-carbohydrate source to G6P

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen to glucose

    <p>Glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose to pyruvate or lactate

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chain of 2-10 sugar units

    <p>Oligosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormone Insulin

    • Insulin does not stimulate gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis in the liver
    • Insulin does not stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue

    Hyperglycemia

    • Hyperglycemia is not characterized by increased insulin secretion
    • Hyperglycemia is not consistent with decreased glucagon secretion

    Type I Diabetes Mellitus

    • Type I diabetes mellitus is not characterized by insulin resistance
    • Type I diabetes mellitus is not characterized by obesity

    Impaired Glucose Tolerance

    • A 2-hour plasma glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL indicates impaired glucose tolerance

    Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes mellitus is not diagnosed using a random plasma glucose level
    • Diabetes mellitus is not diagnosed using a single plasma glucose level

    Von-Gierke Disease

    • Von-Gierke disease is not characterized by a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase
    • Von-Gierke disease is not characterized by an absence of glycogen storage disease

    Glucose Measurement

    • Glucose measurement is not performed using a direct electrode method
    • Glucose measurement is not preferred using the hexokinase method
    • Glucose measurement is preferred using the glucose oxidase method

    HbA1c Measurement

    • HbA1c measurement is based on the principle of cation exchange chromatography
    • HbA1c value of 6% translates to an average plasma glucose of approximately 126 mg/dL
    • HbA1c measurement is not affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C

    Affinity Chromatography

    • Affinity chromatography is not affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C
    • Affinity chromatography is used in the measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

    Enzymes

    • Glucose oxidase is used in the glucose oxidase method of glucose determination
    • Horseradish peroxidase is used in the hexokinase method to catalyze the second reaction
    • Mutarotase is used in blood glucose measurement to convert α-D glucose to β-D glucose

    Diabetes Management

    • The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends quarterly HbA1c testing for patients not meeting treatment goals
    • Hypoglycemia can cause brain fuel deprivation and result in seizures or even death
    • Glucose concentration in whole blood is approximately 11% lower than in plasma

    Ketone Determination

    • No single method can be used to determine ketones in urine or blood that react with all ketone bodies

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    Test your knowledge about the hormone insulin and its role in the human body. Identify the correct actions associated with insulin and what it does not do. Learn about insulin's importance in glucose regulation and more.

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