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Questions and Answers
Which of the actions are NOT associated with the hormone insulin?
Which of the actions are NOT associated with the hormone insulin?
- Increases glycolysis
- Increases glycogenesis
- Increases glycogenolysis (correct)
- Decreases gluconeogenesis
Which findings are NOT consistent with hyperglycemia?
Which findings are NOT consistent with hyperglycemia?
- Increased glucose in plasma and urine
- Increased urine specific gravity
- Increased urine ketones
- Increased blood and urine pH (correct)
Which do NOT characterize Type I diabetes mellitus?
Which do NOT characterize Type I diabetes mellitus?
- Tendency for ketosis
- No or low insulin level
- Insulin resistance (correct)
- Presence of autoantibodies
Which result below best indicated impaired glucose tolerance?
Which result below best indicated impaired glucose tolerance?
Which criteria are NOT used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
Which criteria are NOT used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
Which statement below INCORRECTLY describe Von-Gierke disease?
Which statement below INCORRECTLY describe Von-Gierke disease?
Which is FALSE about glucose measurement?
Which is FALSE about glucose measurement?
Which is the preferred method to measure glycated hemoglobin?
Which is the preferred method to measure glycated hemoglobin?
Persistent albuminuria
Persistent albuminuria
Which principle is involved in measuring HbA1c using cation exchange chromatography?
Which principle is involved in measuring HbA1c using cation exchange chromatography?
Which HbA1c value translates to about 126 mg/dL of average plasma glucose?
Which HbA1c value translates to about 126 mg/dL of average plasma glucose?
Uses G6PD in coupling reaction
Uses G6PD in coupling reaction
Ferric reduction is indicated by yellow to colorless reaction
Ferric reduction is indicated by yellow to colorless reaction
Primarily affected by increased uric and ascorbic acid
Primarily affected by increased uric and ascorbic acid
Based on condensation with aromatic amines to Schiff bases
Based on condensation with aromatic amines to Schiff bases
Affinity chromotography is NOT affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C
Affinity chromotography is NOT affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C
The coupled reaction in glucose oxidase measurement is known as the Trinder's reaction.
The coupled reaction in glucose oxidase measurement is known as the Trinder's reaction.
Type 1 constitutes 80-90% of the majority of cases of diabetes.
Type 1 constitutes 80-90% of the majority of cases of diabetes.
Hypoglycemia causes brain fuel deprivation and can result to seizures even death.
Hypoglycemia causes brain fuel deprivation and can result to seizures even death.
Glucose concentration in whole blood is approximately 11% higher in plasma.
Glucose concentration in whole blood is approximately 11% higher in plasma.
Horseradish peroxidase is used in hexokinase to catalyze the second reaction.
Horseradish peroxidase is used in hexokinase to catalyze the second reaction.
The glucose hexokinase method may be performed in plasma using EDTA, heparin, or citrate.
The glucose hexokinase method may be performed in plasma using EDTA, heparin, or citrate.
ADA recommends that a quarterly HbA1c test may be performed for patients not meeting treatment goals for diabetes.
ADA recommends that a quarterly HbA1c test may be performed for patients not meeting treatment goals for diabetes.
No method can be used to determine ketones in urine or blood that react with all ketones bodies.
No method can be used to determine ketones in urine or blood that react with all ketones bodies.
What is the best time to collect for fasting blood glucose?
What is the best time to collect for fasting blood glucose?
Which of the enzymes for the determination of blood sugar is most specific for B-D-glucose?
Which of the enzymes for the determination of blood sugar is most specific for B-D-glucose?
Which is used as the coupling enzyme in the Hexokinase method of glucose determination?
Which is used as the coupling enzyme in the Hexokinase method of glucose determination?
Best method for measurement of blood glucose
Best method for measurement of blood glucose
Which reagent in blood glucose measurement is used to convert a to B-D glucose
Which reagent in blood glucose measurement is used to convert a to B-D glucose
Which chromogen is commonly used in Glucose oxidase method for blood glucose measurement?
Which chromogen is commonly used in Glucose oxidase method for blood glucose measurement?
Copper reduction method of glucose measurement involves the use of BaSO4 to remove saccharoids
Copper reduction method of glucose measurement involves the use of BaSO4 to remove saccharoids
Carbohydrates to fatty acids
Carbohydrates to fatty acids
Breakdown of fats
Breakdown of fats
Glucose to glycogen storage
Glucose to glycogen storage
Non-carbohydrate source to G6P
Non-carbohydrate source to G6P
Glycogen to glucose
Glycogen to glucose
Glucose to pyruvate or lactate
Glucose to pyruvate or lactate
Chain of 2-10 sugar units
Chain of 2-10 sugar units
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Study Notes
Hormone Insulin
- Insulin does not stimulate gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis in the liver
- Insulin does not stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue
Hyperglycemia
- Hyperglycemia is not characterized by increased insulin secretion
- Hyperglycemia is not consistent with decreased glucagon secretion
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
- Type I diabetes mellitus is not characterized by insulin resistance
- Type I diabetes mellitus is not characterized by obesity
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
- A 2-hour plasma glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL indicates impaired glucose tolerance
Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes mellitus is not diagnosed using a random plasma glucose level
- Diabetes mellitus is not diagnosed using a single plasma glucose level
Von-Gierke Disease
- Von-Gierke disease is not characterized by a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase
- Von-Gierke disease is not characterized by an absence of glycogen storage disease
Glucose Measurement
- Glucose measurement is not performed using a direct electrode method
- Glucose measurement is not preferred using the hexokinase method
- Glucose measurement is preferred using the glucose oxidase method
HbA1c Measurement
- HbA1c measurement is based on the principle of cation exchange chromatography
- HbA1c value of 6% translates to an average plasma glucose of approximately 126 mg/dL
- HbA1c measurement is not affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C
Affinity Chromatography
- Affinity chromatography is not affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C
- Affinity chromatography is used in the measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Enzymes
- Glucose oxidase is used in the glucose oxidase method of glucose determination
- Horseradish peroxidase is used in the hexokinase method to catalyze the second reaction
- Mutarotase is used in blood glucose measurement to convert α-D glucose to β-D glucose
Diabetes Management
- The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends quarterly HbA1c testing for patients not meeting treatment goals
- Hypoglycemia can cause brain fuel deprivation and result in seizures or even death
- Glucose concentration in whole blood is approximately 11% lower than in plasma
Ketone Determination
- No single method can be used to determine ketones in urine or blood that react with all ketone bodies
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