Diabetes and Hormones Quiz

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating metabolism, including glucose uptake and utilization.

Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, involved in the 'fight-or-flight' response, indirectly influencing blood glucose levels by increasing glycogenolysis.

A hormone released from the pancreas, primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and utilization by cells.

A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, primarily responsible for increasing blood glucose levels by triggering glycogen breakdown.

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, promoting growth and development, indirectly affecting blood glucose levels by increasing protein synthesis and reducing glucose uptake.

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, particularly Cortisol, that primarily influence blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and inhibiting glucose uptake.

The process of converting non-carbohydrate sources, primarily amino acids and glycerol, into glucose in the liver.

A condition where blood glucose levels are significantly elevated, typically above 150 mg/dl fasting or 200 mg/dl postprandial.

Hypoglycemia caused by prolonged fasting or lack of food intake.

Hypoglycemia occurring after a meal rich in carbohydrates, usually temporary and not serious.

A tumor in the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to excessive insulin production and hypoglycemia.

A disorder of the adrenal glands causing insufficient production of cortisol, resulting in hypoglycemia.

A group of genetic disorders affecting the storage and breakdown of glycogen, causing hypoglycemia and other complications.

A condition characterized by the accumulation of galactitol in the eyes, liver, and brain, leading to complications like cataracts, liver damage, and mental retardation.

A condition caused by a deficiency in the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, preventing the conversion of galactose into glucose.

The process by which glucose is converted into sorbitol and fructose, which accumulate in cells, leading to cell swelling and damage.

A long-term complication of diabetes, characterized by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina, potentially leading to vision loss.

A long-term complication of diabetes, characterized by damage to the nephrons (filtering units) in the kidneys, leading to reduced kidney function.

A long-term complication of diabetes, characterized by nerve damage, often affecting the feet and hands, causing tingling, numbness, and pain.

A process where glucose molecules attach to proteins, such as hemoglobin and albumin, potentially leading to cell damage and dysfunction.

A state of elevated ketone bodies in the blood, often accompanied by a fruity odor on the breath.

A condition where ketone bodies are present in the urine, often indicating uncontrolled diabetes.

A group of three molecules (acetone, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate) produced when the body breaks down fat for energy.

A type of blood glucose test where a sample is taken at any time, regardless of when the last meal was.

A blood glucose test taken after an overnight fast (at least 10 hours), providing a snapshot of blood sugar levels without recent food intake.

A blood glucose test performed two hours after eating a meal or consuming 75 grams of glucose. It checks how well the body manages glucose levels after consuming carbohydrates.

A comprehensive blood glucose test that measures the body's ability to utilize glucose effectively, revealing glucose levels at different time points after consuming a standardized amount of glucose.

A method for measuring glucose concentration in blood using the enzyme glucose oxidase, which converts glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide then reacts with a dye, creating a color change that is proportional to glucose levels.

A specific method for measuring glucose using the enzyme hexokinase, which phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. The reaction is coupled with the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH, which is measured colorimetrically.

Insulin requirements increase significantly during the second half of pregnancy, due to the effects of placental hormones on insulin resistance.

After delivery, insulin needs gradually decrease, but then increase again after 6 weeks. This fluctuating demand requires careful monitoring.

These tests measure glucose indirectly, relying on its reducing properties. They may include other compounds, resulting in an 'apparent' glucose value.

Specific tests rely on enzymes to accurately measure only glucose. They provide the 'true' glucose concentration.

Red blood cells rapidly convert glucose to lactic acid, leading to a decrease in blood glucose levels. To prevent this, sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate are added to the blood sample to inhibit this conversion.

A fasting blood glucose level above 150 mg/dl or a postprandial (after meal) level above 200 mg/dl, or exceeding 200 mg/dl two hours after a 75g glucose load indicate diabetes.

This method relies on the reducing properties of glucose in an alkaline solution, forming molybdenum blue, which is measured colorimetrically.

This method is specific for glucose in the absence of other aldo-sugars. It involves a reaction with the aldehydic group of glucose, forming a colored Schiff base that is measured colorimetrically.

The normal response to an oral glucose load is a rise in blood glucose levels followed by a return to fasting levels within 2 hours. This is a characteristic of healthy glucose metabolism.

In diabetic individuals, blood glucose levels remain elevated after an oral glucose load, failing to return to normal fasting levels. This indicates impaired glucose regulation.

A blood glucose level above 180 mg/dl is typically required for glucose to spill over into urine, which is known as glucosuria. This acts as a first-line screening test in occupational health checks and hospital admissions.

In some individuals, glucose may appear in urine at lower blood glucose levels than expected, even without diabetes. This is called a low renal threshold for glucose, indicating a faster filtering of glucose by the kidneys.

When oral glucose tolerance tests are not feasible due to conditions like malabsorption, vomiting, or surgical changes in the digestive system, an intravenous glucose tolerance test is performed. This bypasses the digestive system and directly introduces glucose into the bloodstream.

Ketone bodies are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy. While their presence can be a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis, it can also occur in healthy individuals during prolonged fasting, making it not a definitive indicator of ketoacidosis.

Elevated levels of insulin in the bloodstream can be indicative of an insulinoma, a tumor in the pancreas that secretes excessive insulin. Insulin measurements can also differentiate between hypoglycemia caused by insulinoma and excessive insulin injections.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, ketone buildup, and metabolic acidosis. It often arises during periods of uncontrolled diabetes, typically due to insufficient insulin production or inadequate insulin utilization.