Diabetes Pathophysiology Lecture Objectives
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

  • Insulin resistance
  • Excessive glucagon secretion
  • Lack of exercise
  • Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas (correct)

    • What percentage of the total diabetic population in the United States is affected by Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

  • 10%
  • 25%
  • 50%
  • 5% (correct)

    • Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance?

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus
  • Gestational diabetes mellitus
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (correct)
  • Monogenic diabetes in youth (MODY)

    • What is the process of converting glycogen to glucose called?

    <p>Glycogenolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor family is involved in glucose uptake throughout the body?

    <p>GLUT receptor family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiologic factor that regulates insulin release?

    <p>Blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiologic action of glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increasing blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiologic action of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Stimulating glycogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is caused by an autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a physiologic action of glucagon?

    <p>Stimulating lipogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population aged 18 or older in the United States has diabetes?

    <p>11.3% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor family is involved in the uptake of glucose throughout the body?

    <p>GLUT receptor family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a process involving glucose metabolism?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage?

    <p>Glycogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main physiologic actions of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increasing glucose uptake, decreasing glucose production, and increasing glycogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common pathophysiologic event in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)?

    <p>Both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor family is involved in the uptake of glucose throughout the body?

    <p>Glucose transporter family (GLUT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of beta cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of converting non-carbohydrate sources into glucose?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

    <p>Glycogenolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Gestational diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Hormonal changes during pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by a genetic defect causing impaired beta cell function?

    <p>Monogenic diabetes in youth (MODY) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference in blood glucose regulation between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Impaired insulin secretion in Type 1, insulin resistance in Type 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Ketogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of converting fats into glucose?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of diabetes mellitus are there no known genetic or environmental factors contributing to its development?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by the body's inability to regulate blood glucose levels.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestational diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes that only affects men.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monogenic diabetes in youth (MODY) is the most common type of diabetes in the United States.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the United States, approximately 14.7% of all adults have diabetes.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin resistance is a key characteristic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucagon primarily acts to lower blood glucose levels in the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipogenesis is the process of breaking down fats into glucose for energy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiologic action of glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

    <p>Glycogenolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a process involving glucose metabolism?

    <p>Glycosylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Hyperglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a physiologic action of glucagon?

    <p>Stimulates glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by a genetic defect causing impaired beta cell function?

    <p>Monogenic diabetes in youth (MODY) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiologic factor that regulates insulin release?

    <p>Receptors involved in glucose uptake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of converting fats into glucose?

    <p>Lipolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Gestational diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Pregnancy-related hormonal changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

    <p>Glycogenolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the diabetic population in the United States is affected by Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>~5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of converting non-carbohydrate sources into glucose during fasting?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor family primarily mediates insulin-independent glucose uptake in the liver and kidneys?

    <p>GLUT2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process primarily occurs in the liver during fasting or prolonged exercise?

    <p>Ketogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells?

    <p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of converting excess glucose into fatty acids for storage?

    <p>Lipogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily occurs in the liver during the postprandial period to maintain blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glycogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of converting excess glucose into fatty acids for storage?

    <p>Lipogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor family primarily mediates insulin-independent glucose uptake in the liver and kidneys?

    <p>GLUT2 receptor family (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiologic factor that regulates insulin release?

    <p>Low blood glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)?

    <p>It primarily involves impaired insulin secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological action of glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Promoting lipolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage?

    <p>Glycogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of beta cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is most prevalent in the United States?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the U.S. population aged 18 or older has diabetes?

    <p>11.3% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to high blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Glycogenolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from the inability to regulate blood glucose levels?

    <p>Hyperglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological action of glucagon in blood glucose regulation?

    <p>Induces glycogenolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiologic action of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Promoting glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiologic factor that regulates insulin release?

    <p>Blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily occurs in the liver during the postprandial period to maintain blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glycogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a physiologic action of insulin?

    <p>Stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of high blood glucose levels?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin synthesis primarily occurs in the liver.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucagon acts to raise blood glucose levels in the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 2 diabetes mellitus is primarily characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipolysis is the process of converting lipids into glycogen for storage.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketogenesis primarily occurs during periods of high carbohydrate intake.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestational diabetes mellitus affects only women.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the body's ability to regulate blood glucose levels.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestational diabetes mellitus only affects women.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin resistance is a key characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monogenic diabetes in youth (MODY) is a type of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipolysis is the process of converting lipids into glycogen for storage.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketogenesis is one of the terms used to define glucose metabolism.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes affects about 11.3% of the U.S. population aged 18 or older.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and accounts for approximately 94% of all cases?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiologic hormone primarily stimulates glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to high blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Insulin deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of converting non-carbohydrate sources into glucose during fasting?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological hormone primarily stimulates lipolysis?

    <p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor family primarily mediates insulin-independent glucose uptake in the liver and kidneys?

    <p>GLUT2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological hormone primarily stimulates lipogenesis during the postprandial period in the liver?

    <p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily occurs in the liver during periods of prolonged exercise or fasting to maintain blood glucose levels?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process primarily occurs in the liver when there is a lack of insulin sensitivity or autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency?

    <p>Ketogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by a genetic defect causing impaired beta cell function and defects in the insulin receptor gene, GLUT-2, or the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4-alpha (HNF-4α)?

    <p>Monogenic diabetes in youth (MODY) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily occurs in the liver during the postprandial period to maintain blood glucose levels and store excess glucose for later use?

    <p>Glycogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, resulting in hyperglycemia and the need for insulin therapy in some cases?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily occurs in the liver during prolonged fasting or periods of high carbohydrate intake to provide energy to the body?

    <p>Ketogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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