Instrumental Learning and Maze Studies
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary purpose of introducing mazes into investigations of learning?

  • To enhance the complexity of experimental designs.
  • To study the effects of environmental stressors on learning.
  • To utilize the natural behavior of animals in navigating spaces. (correct)
  • To imitate the social behavior of animals in groups.

    • Which of the following correctly describes the procedure used in discrete-trial training?

  • The animal is placed in the apparatus at the start and removed upon completing an action. (correct)
  • The animal is trained using rewards that are given randomly.
  • The animal is continuously observed in the environment without any interruptions.
  • The trials last until the animal demonstrates the desired behavior without guidance.

    • What is the primary purpose of magazine training in laboratory rats?

  • To condition the rat to associate a sound with food delivery (correct)
  • To prepare the rat for social interactions with other rats
  • To increase the rat's agility in navigating the chamber
  • To teach the rat to press a lever immediately

    • What inspired W.S. Small to use mazes for studying rats?

    <p>A scientific article about the burrowing behavior of kangaroo rats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the training process for a child learning basketball differ from that of a laboratory rat's lever-pressing task?

    <p>Children's training involves gradual adjustment of equipment height (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facilitated the comparison of results in different experiments related to instrumental learning?

    <p>The narrowing down of task complexities to a few repeatable procedures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial behavior is reinforced in rats before they learn to press a lever?

    <p>Raising their front legs while in the chamber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of maze contains a start box and a goal box?

    <p>The runway, or straight-alley, maze. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hallmark feature distinguishes discrete-trial procedures of learning?

    <p>They consist of distinct trials that begin and end with specific actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a significant factor in the difference in training methods between figure skating and basketball?

    <p>Figure skating has a higher requirement for consistent expert supervision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did scientists begin to limit the range of tasks used in instrumental learning studies?

    <p>To validate theories with more reliable methods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the initial phase for a rat before operant conditioning begins?

    <p>The rat is conditioned through classical conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following choices represents a major contribution by W.S. Small to the field of psychology?

    <p>Initiating the use of mazes to study learning processes in animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is likely to occur after enough pairings of the food magazine sound with food delivery?

    <p>The rat will learn to approach the food cup at the sound of the device (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common training tool used at the beginning of coaching for young children learning basketball?

    <p>A smaller ball and a Fisher Price basketball set (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a reason parents choose not to hire expert coaches for children's basketball?

    <p>They might prioritize affordability over training quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the shaping process in skill development?

    <p>To gradually improve the trainee's performance by altering their target responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In shaping, how does the coach determine the next target response?

    <p>By observing the average of all attempts and adjusting accordingly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to happen to the distribution of responses as the shaping process continues?

    <p>The distribution will gradually shift towards higher performance levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following domains can benefit from the shaping process described?

    <p>Any area requiring gradual skill development including sports and the arts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does variability in the trainee's performance play in the shaping process?

    <p>It provides a basis for adjusting the response criteria gradually. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the shaping process facilitate learning entirely new skills?

    <p>By promoting gradual adjustments toward more challenging targets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded about the relationship between shaping and performance outcomes?

    <p>Shaping tends to increase variability while also pushing for better outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen to a trainee who does not experience the shaping process?

    <p>Their skill development may plateau without further improvement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of omission training?

    <p>Decrease in instrumental responding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples illustrates omission training?

    <p>A teenager losing access to a video game for bad behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is omission training often preferred over positive punishment?

    <p>It does not involve the delivery of an aversive stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'negative' refer to in the context of omission training?

    <p>It indicates the removal of a pleasant stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of driving, how is omission training demonstrated?

    <p>By suspending a driver's license after a DUI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is DRO in relation to self-injurious behavior?

    <p>An omission training procedure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome should be expected from the implementation of omission training techniques?

    <p>Decreased likelihood of the undesired behavior recurring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expression 'negative contingency' signify in omission training?

    <p>A withdrawal of positive reinforcement linked to behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main requirement for participants in the VAR group when drawing rectangles?

    <p>The rectangles must differ in size, shape, and location from previously drawn rectangles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were participants in the YOKED group reinforced during the trial?

    <p>Their points were contingent on the performance of their VAR counterparts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded about the variability in rectangle drawing between the VAR and YOKED groups?

    <p>The VAR group demonstrated significantly greater variability than the YOKED group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the rectangles was NOT a requirement for the YOKED group?

    <p>The rectangles needed to be varied in shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the drawing task is accurate?

    <p>There was no restriction on the creativity of the YOKED group's rectangles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of reinforcing participants for varying the type of rectangles they drew?

    <p>It increases response variability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is response variability measured in the study described?

    <p>Based on the U-value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 'Yoked' group, what was the main difference in the reinforcement procedure compared to the 'Vary' group?

    <p>Yoked group received reinforcement without needing to vary responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher U-value reflect in terms of response behavior?

    <p>Greater variability in responding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension was NOT part of the variability measured for the rectangles drawn?

    <p>Color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn about the effectiveness of varied reinforcement strategies?

    <p>Varied strategies enhance learning and variability in behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'instrumental conditioning' primarily refer to in the context of the study?

    <p>Modification of behavior through reinforcement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'response variability' in the drawing task?

    <p>Range of different dimensions used in drawings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Discrete-Trial Procedures

    A method of studying instrumental learning where each trial starts with the animal in the apparatus and ends with removal after the desired action is performed.

    Instrumental Learning

    Learning that involves associating actions with their consequences.

    Runway Maze

    A straight maze with a start box and a goal box.

    Maze

    A winding path used to study animal learning. Used in studies of instrumental learning, particularly with specific tasks.

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    W.S. Small

    An American psychologist who introduced maze studies in learning.

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    Standard Tasks

    Specific tasks used repeatedly in instrumental learning experiments to allow comparison and study across experiments.

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    Start Box

    The starting point in a maze or runway.

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    Goal Box

    The end point in a maze or runway.

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    Championship Figure Skating

    Requires extensive daily practice under a coach's supervision.

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    Basketball Training

    Involves progressive steps, starting simple and gradually increasing difficulty.

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    Magazine Training

    Conditioning where a sound (food magazine) is repeatedly paired with food to create a response.

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    Lever-Press in Rats

    Rats are trained to press a lever for food through progressive steps.

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    Classical Conditioning

    Learning by associating two stimuli to create a response.

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    Operant Response

    A response followed by reinforcement (e.g., food) increases the likelihood of the response's repetition, a learning process.

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    Food Magazine

    The sound-producing device that precedes food delivery.

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    Approach Response

    A conditioned response where animal goes towards food.

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    Shaping

    A training method that gradually modifies behavior to achieve a desired skill.

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    Successive approximations

    Small steps in training that lead to a desired outcome.

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    Response criterion

    The target or standard for a behavior during training.

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    Variability of behavior

    The differences in how a person performs a specific task.

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    Instrumental conditioning

    Learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their results.

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    Complex skill acquisition

    Learning advanced skills through small, repeated steps that gradually lead to a sophisticated task.

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    Pole Vaulting

    A sport illustrated to help illustrate how successive approximations work.

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    Gradual iterations

    Repeating steps to refine and improve a skill in small increments.

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    Omission Training

    A method of reducing a behavior by removing a positive stimulus after the behavior occurs.

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    Negative Punishment

    The same as omission training, where the removal of a pleasant stimulus decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

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    Time-Out

    An example of omission training where a child is removed from positive reinforcement (e.g., toys, attention) for a brief period after misbehaving.

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    Suspending a Driver's License

    A real-world example of omission training; the privilege of driving is taken away to discourage drunk driving.

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    Negative Contingency

    A relationship where a behavior results in the removal of a positive stimulus.

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    Self-Injurious Behavior

    A harmful behavior directed towards oneself, often seen in people with developmental disabilities.

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    DRO (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior)

    A treatment for self-injurious behavior where reinforcement is given for any non-harmful behavior.

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    Omission Training Success

    The effectiveness of omission training in reducing self-injurious behavior, as shown in the study of Bridget.

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    Variability Requirement

    A condition in an experiment where participants are rewarded for producing novel responses, like drawing different rectangles each time.

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    Yoked Control

    A group of participants in an experiment who receive the same reinforcement as another group, but without having to meet specific criteria. The reinforcement depends on the actions of the other group.

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    Novel Response

    A response that is different from previous responses, like drawing a rectangle of a different size, shape, or location.

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    Group VAR

    Experimental group where participants are rewarded for producing variable responses, meaning they have to change their actions each time.

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    Group YOKED

    Control group in an experiment where participants receive reinforcement based on the actions of another group, but don't have to meet specific criteria themselves.

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    Response Variability

    The tendency for an animal to perform different versions of the same behavior, even when receiving the same reward.

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    Vary Group

    In instrumental conditioning, the group where animals receive rewards only when they perform different versions of the behavior.

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    Yoked Group

    In instrumental conditioning, the group where animals receive rewards regardless of their actions, with the reward schedule matching the Vary Group.

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    U-value

    The measure of how much an animal varies its behavior in instrumental conditioning.

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    What influences response variability in instrumental conditioning?

    Whether an animal receives rewards only when performing different versions of a behavior.

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    How does the Yoked group contribute to understanding response variability?

    They demonstrate that reward frequency alone doesn't create response variability.

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    How does Figure 5.8 support the idea that response variability is influenced by the reinforcement procedure?

    It compares the response variability of animals in the Vary and Yoked groups, showing higher variability in the Vary group due to the requirement of different behaviors for reward.

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    Study Notes

    Instrumental Conditioning: Foundations

    • Instrumental conditioning involves training behaviors to achieve a goal. Obtaining a reinforcer (e.g., a reward) depends on the response occurring.

    • Early instrumental conditioning research, pioneered by E. L. Thorndike, focused on animal learning using puzzle boxes. Animals learned to perform required actions (responses) to escape the box and obtain a reward (food). Thorndike's work led to the "law of effect," stating rewarded responses are strengthened.

    • Modern approaches to instrumental conditioning use discrete-trial procedures (e.g., mazes) or free-operant procedures.

    • Discrete-trial procedures involve manipulating a specific response to obtain a reward, while free-operant procedures permit multiple responses and allow the animal to learn at its own pace.

    • Magazine training is a preliminary instrumental learning step, where a neutral stimulus is paired with a reinforcer until the stimulus evokes the approach response. This neutral stimulus eventually becomes a conditioned stimulus.

    Instrumental Conditioning Procedures

    • Positive Reinforcement: A desirable stimulus follows a desired response, increasing the likelihood of the response occurring. (e.g., a child gets a cookie for cleaning their room)

    • Punishment (Positive Punishment): An aversive stimulus following a response, which decreases the likelihood of the response recurring. (e.g., a child gets a time-out for bad behavior)

    • Negative Reinforcement (Escape or Avoidance): An aversive stimulus is removed following a response, increasing the likelihood of the response occurring. (e.g., putting on a seatbelt to stop the car alarm)

    • Omission Training (Negative Punishment): A desirable stimulus is removed following a response, decreasing the likelihood of the response. (e.g., losing privileges for breaking a rule)

    Fundamental Elements of Instrumental Conditioning

    • Instrumental Response: The behavior that is performed to achieve a desired outcome.

    • Reinforcer: The stimulus that strengthens the instrumental response. The reinforcer can be positive (desirable stimulus) or negative (removal of an undesirable stimulus).

    • Response-Reinforcer Relation: The contingency between the response and the reinforcer determines how effectively the response is learned. A strong contingency means the reinforcer is more likely to occur following a specific response.

    Modern Approaches

    • Thorndike used puzzle boxes.
    • Today, mazes (e.g., runway mazes, T mazes) are commonly used for discrete trial learning and free-operant procedures.
    • A free-operant procedure allows repeated responses, whereas a discrete trial procedure has a set time frame.

    Shaping

    • Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior, gradually guiding the animal toward the desired response.
    • This method is used to teach complex behaviors.
    • Can determine how effective a reinforcer is.

    Response Rate

    • Response rate refers to the frequency of a response over a specific time period.

    Instrumental Conditioning and Reinforcement

    • Factors influencing reinforcement include the quality and quantity of a reinforcer, along with prior experience and expectations.

    • Quantity and quality of the reinforcer considerably affect the success of positive reinforcement. A larger, more desirable reinforcer typically leads to a more effective reinforcement outcome.

    Response-Reinforcer Contingency

    • Temporal relation factors influence the effectiveness of instrumental learning.
    • Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement in producing a response.
    • Other factors, including safety signals, affect the efficacy of instrumental learning.

    Learned Helplessness

    • Exposure to uncontrollable aversive stimulation can negatively affect learning and performance in subsequent tasks.
    • The learned helplessness effect has implications for human mental health, such as PTSD and depression.

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    Instrumental Conditioning: Foundations Chapter 5 PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of instrumental learning through mazes and training methods used in laboratory settings. This quiz delves into the historical context, procedures, and applications of learning theories in both animals and humans. Test your understanding of key principles, experimental methods, and comparisons between different learning tasks.

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