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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the operation code in a machine instruction?
What is the purpose of the operation code in a machine instruction?
- It encodes the symbolic representation of operands.
- It determines the operation to be performed. (correct)
- It references the next instruction to be executed.
- It specifies the location of the result operand.
Which of the following components indicates where the processor should fetch the next instruction?
Which of the following components indicates where the processor should fetch the next instruction?
- Operation code
- Result operand reference
- Source operand reference
- Next instruction reference (correct)
In the context of machine instructions, what does the source operand reference encompass?
In the context of machine instructions, what does the source operand reference encompass?
- The input for the operation (correct)
- The output or result of the operation
- The temporary storage for the operation
- The next instruction to execute
How must a program written in a high-level language be processed for execution on a computer?
How must a program written in a high-level language be processed for execution on a computer?
What characterizes the set of machine instructions in a computer system?
What characterizes the set of machine instructions in a computer system?
What is the function of the PUSH instruction?
What is the function of the PUSH instruction?
What does the POP instruction accomplish?
What does the POP instruction accomplish?
What type of operand can be used for data transfer instructions?
What type of operand can be used for data transfer instructions?
What specifies the amount of data to be transferred in data transfer instructions?
What specifies the amount of data to be transferred in data transfer instructions?
Which of the following describes input/output (I/O) instructions?
Which of the following describes input/output (I/O) instructions?
Which of the following statements about the address of the start of the code is true?
Which of the following statements about the address of the start of the code is true?
How do data transfer instructions illustrate trade-offs for designers?
How do data transfer instructions illustrate trade-offs for designers?
Which of these is NOT a type of data transfer operation mentioned?
Which of these is NOT a type of data transfer operation mentioned?
What are the main functions of arithmetic and logic instructions in data processing?
What are the main functions of arithmetic and logic instructions in data processing?
Which of the following is NOT included in the most fundamental type of machine instruction?
Which of the following is NOT included in the most fundamental type of machine instruction?
The MOV instruction is primarily used for what purpose?
The MOV instruction is primarily used for what purpose?
What does the XCHG instruction accomplish?
What does the XCHG instruction accomplish?
Which aspect is crucial when specifying a data transfer instruction?
Which aspect is crucial when specifying a data transfer instruction?
Data movement instructions are mainly responsible for which of the following?
Data movement instructions are mainly responsible for which of the following?
In context of data transfer instructions, what determines the length of the data being transferred?
In context of data transfer instructions, what determines the length of the data being transferred?
Which instruction would you use to move data into a stack location?
Which instruction would you use to move data into a stack location?
What is the simplest type of data transfer operation in processor action?
What is the simplest type of data transfer operation in processor action?
In which case does the processor internally transfer data without external commands?
In which case does the processor internally transfer data without external commands?
What is a necessary step in data transfer operations when one operand is in memory?
What is a necessary step in data transfer operations when one operand is in memory?
What action does the processor take in an interrupt-driven I/O process?
What action does the processor take in an interrupt-driven I/O process?
What is the primary benefit of using Direct Memory Access (DMA)?
What is the primary benefit of using Direct Memory Access (DMA)?
Which instruction example is provided as a common x86 instruction for input/output?
Which instruction example is provided as a common x86 instruction for input/output?
What type of operation is a given conversion instruction like the IBM ESA/390 Translate (TR) instruction?
What type of operation is a given conversion instruction like the IBM ESA/390 Translate (TR) instruction?
What is involved in the processing of a virtual memory address during data transfer operations?
What is involved in the processing of a virtual memory address during data transfer operations?
What does the TR instruction do?
What does the TR instruction do?
What function does the INS instruction perform?
What function does the INS instruction perform?
Which of the following describes the OUT instruction?
Which of the following describes the OUT instruction?
What happens when the HLT instruction is executed?
What happens when the HLT instruction is executed?
What is the purpose of the OUTS instruction?
What is the purpose of the OUTS instruction?
Which instruction is designed specifically to perform no operation?
Which instruction is designed specifically to perform no operation?
What does the Jcc instruction do?
What does the Jcc instruction do?
What is indicated by the destination operand in the TR instruction?
What is indicated by the destination operand in the TR instruction?
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Study Notes
Instruction Set Architecture
- The processor instructions determine the operations it executes.
- The collection of instructions a processor can execute is called the instruction set.
- Instructions contain information for the processor to execute, which include:
- Operation code (opcode): Specifies the operation to perform.
- Source operand reference: Specifies the input for the operation.
- Result operand reference: Specifies the result of the operation.
- Next instruction reference: Indicates the next instruction to fetch.
- Instructions can be categorized as:
- Data processing: Perform arithmetic and logic operations.
- Data storage: Store data in registers and memory.
- Data movement: Perform input and output operations.
- Control: Test and branch instructions.
Data Transfer Instructions
- Fundamental instructions transferring data between registers, memory, and stack.
- Specify the:
- Source operand location (memory, register, stack).
- Destination operand location.
- Data length.
- Addressing mode.
- Common x86 data transfer instructions include:
- MOV: Moves data between registers and memory.
- XCHG: Swaps data between registers and memory.
- PUSH: Decrements the stack pointer and copies the source operand to the stack.
- POP: Copies the stack top to the destination and increments the stack pointer.
Input/Output (I/O) Instructions
- Transfer external data into and out of memory.
- Different formats exist for external data on I/O interfaces.
- Categories of I/O operations:
- Programmed I/O: Processor directly controls the I/O operations.
- Interrupt-Driven I/O: Processor issues an I/O command, continues execution, and is interrupted when the operation completes.
- Direct Memory Access (DMA): I/O module and main memory exchange data without processor involvement.
Conversion Instructions
- Change the format or operate on data formats.
- Example: IBM ESA/390 Translate (TR) instruction. Converts one 8-bit code to another.
Control Operations
- Common x86 control instructions:
- JMP: Unconditional jump to a specific instruction.
- Jcc: Conditional jump based on status flags.
- NOP: Does not impact the processor state.
- HLT: Stops instruction execution and halts the processor.
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