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Computer Architecture CSE 2151
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Computer Architecture CSE 2151

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What does computer organization primarily refer to?

  • The software applications run on a computer
  • The instruction set of a programming language
  • The operational units and their interconnections (correct)
  • The architecture of network components

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of computer hardware?

  • Optical storage devices
  • Electronic circuits
  • Magnetic storage devices
  • Operating system software (correct)

    • What is meant by computer architecture?

  • Attributes visible to programmers affecting program execution (correct)
  • The data transmission methods in a network
  • Hardware components that process data
  • The physical layout of computer systems

    • How do input units function in a computer system?

    <p>They receive information from external sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a computer system does computer organization specifically address?

    <p>Hardware details and their interconnections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an instruction set?

    <p>The programming commands that a CPU can execute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional behavior of hardware units is an aspect of which concept?

    <p>Computer architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a component that computer organization would detail?

    <p>Control signals between hardware units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary objective of the course on computer organization and architecture?

    <p>To summarize the fundamental concepts of organizing computer systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topics is part of the course modules?

    <p>Basic structure of computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym I/O in computer systems stand for?

    <p>Input/Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is essential for improving performance in computer architecture?

    <p>Pipelining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the control unit in computer architecture?

    <p>To manage processor instructions and data flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arithmetic operation is NOT explicitly mentioned as part of the course outcomes?

    <p>Exponentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory systems does the course outcome emphasize understanding?

    <p>Virtual Memory and Replacement Algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parallel architecture concept relates to executing multiple operations simultaneously?

    <p>SIMD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of the positive number +3 in sign and magnitude format?

    <p>0011</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following representations uses a most significant bit (MSB) to indicate the sign of the number?

    <p>Sign and Magnitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the one's complement representation of -4 based on the provided examples?

    <p>1011</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In two's complement, how is a negative number obtained from its positive counterpart?

    <p>Invert the bits then add 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the number zero represented in signed integer systems?

    <p>0000 and 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic principle behind creating a one's complement of a number?

    <p>Complementing each bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about signed integers in different systems is true?

    <p>In all systems, the MSB indicates whether the number is positive or negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant alteration in the representation of negative values in sign and magnitude format?

    <p>The MSB changes from 0 to 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 2's complement representation of -6 in a 4-bit system?

    <p>1001</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a 4-bit 2's complement system, what is the range of representable signed integers?

    <p>-8 to +7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operation to convert a positive integer to its negative counterpart in 2's complement?

    <p>Invert the bits and add 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents +6 in a 4-bit system?

    <p>0110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you subtract 2 from the 2's complement representation of 3 (0011), what is the resulting binary?

    <p>0001</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a 5-bit signed integer representation, which value is NOT representable?

    <p>+16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which binary value corresponds to -2 in a 4-bit 2's complement system?

    <p>1110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula to determine the negative and positive range of an n-bit number?

    <p>-(2^{n-1}) to (2^{n-1} - 1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the control unit within a computer's operations?

    <p>To control all activities inside the machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the instruction 'Load R2, LOC', what operation is performed first?

    <p>The instruction is fetched from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the instruction 'Add R4, R2, R3' is executed?

    <p>The original contents of R2 and R3 are preserved while their sum is stored in R4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is NOT part of executing the 'Load' instruction?

    <p>The value in R2 is multiplied by the value at LOC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the instruction 'Store R4, LOC' primarily executed?

    <p>By copying the operand in R4 to memory location LOC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct syntax for the 'Add' instruction?

    <p>ADD destination_register, source_register1, source_register2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ALU during the processing of instructions?

    <p>To perform arithmetic and logic operations on operands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When executing a 'Store' instruction, what is sent to the memory unit?

    <p>The destination address and control signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Overview

    • Course Code: CSE 2151; Credits: 04
    • Objectives: Understand computer organization, analyze components, and explain pipelining principles.

    Course Modules

    • Basic structure of computers
    • Instruction set architecture
    • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
    • Control unit
    • Memory systems
    • Input/output (I/O) organization
    • Introduction to parallel architecture

    Course Outcomes

    • Describe functionalities of computer units and instruction set architecture.
    • Perform arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
    • Design control units for simple algorithms.
    • Explain memory systems, including cache memory and virtual memory.
    • Utilize I/O techniques and improve performance through pipelining and parallel processing.

    Computer Organization

    • Refers to how hardware components are structured to perform tasks.
    • Involves input units for receiving data and output units for sending results.
    • Programs dictate operations within a computer by listing instructions.

    Computer Architecture

    • Attributes visible to programmers, impacting program execution (e.g., instruction sets, I/O mechanisms).
    • The organization includes how operational units interconnect to fulfill architectural specifications.

    Computer Operations

    • Information is input, stored in memory, processed in the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), and output through the output unit. This process is central to the functioning of any computing system, as it ensures that data can be effectively manipulated and displayed to users or other systems. The input stage typically involves devices such as keyboards, mice, and scanners, which convert user commands into binary data that the computer can understand. After receiving input, the computer uses its RAM (Random Access Memory) to temporarily store this data before it is processed. The processing occurs in the ALU, where arithmetic operations (like addition and subtraction) and logic operations (such as comparisons) are executed. Lastly, the output unit (which includes monitors, printers, etc.) presents the results back to the user in a comprehensible format, completing the data processing cycle.
    • Control units manage all machine activities. These units are responsible for directing the flow of data within the computer system, ensuring that all components work harmoniously. The control unit interprets the instructions from the program stored in memory and generates control signals to other parts of the computer, like the ALU and memory, guiding them on what tasks to perform at any given time. It plays an essential role in coordinating the operations between the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and other hardware components, thereby facilitating efficient execution of instructions.

    Instruction Set Example

    • Load R2, LOC:
      • This instruction reads data from a specified memory address (designated as LOC) into register R2. This process involves several steps, including fetching the instruction from memory, decoding it to determine the operation to be performed, fetching the operand, which in this case is the data at memory location LOC, and finally storing the fetched data in register R2 for future computational tasks. The ability to load data into registers is crucial as it prepares the necessary information for processing by the ALU.
      • The steps involved require careful management of the CPU's instruction cycle, which includes fetching, decoding, executing, and storing results. Each of these steps must occur in a precise sequence for the operation to be successful and efficient, minimizing delays and ensuring accurate data handling.
    • Add R4, R2, R3:
      • This instruction adds the contents of registers R2 and R3, and stores the resulting outcome in register R4. The addition operation performed by the ALU is fundamental as it allows for the execution of arithmetic computations that are vital in various algorithms and applications. Working with registers promotes speed and efficiency, as access times are significantly lower compared to fetching values from memory.
      • Moreover, after the addition, if the resulting value exceeds the limits of the register size, overflow may occur, which triggers specific hardware mechanisms or software exceptions to handle such cases. This instruction not only performs the operation but also illustrates the necessity of managing data flow within the CPU through registers effectively.
    • Store R4, LOC:
      • This instruction is used to transfer the value from register R4 back to the specified memory location (LOC). Here, the CPU executes another step in the instruction cycle by taking data that has been processed and storing it in memory for future use. This operation is essential for preserving results after computations and making them accessible for subsequent instructions or even for external systems and applications.
      • The ability to store results back into memory facilitates a dynamic computing environment where data can be retrieved and manipulated at later times, accounting for the need to persist information over various sessions and applications.

    Data Representation

    • Signed Integers:

      • Signed integers represent both positive and negative values using various systems such as sign and magnitude, one’s complement, and two’s complement. These systems are critical as they allow computers to perform arithmetic operations accurately across different ranges of data.
      • Each representation method has distinct characteristics and use-cases. Sign and magnitude is straightforward but has limitations like dual representations for zero. One’s complement offers a way to negate numbers but introduces confusion with carry-over in binary addition. In

    • The general operational workflow includes inputs through I/O, processing in the ALU, and managing results through the control unit.

    • Emphasis on the significance of instruction sets, execution flow, and data representation systems for effective computing.

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    Related Documents

    Module 1.pdf

    Description

    This quiz is designed for students taking the Computer Organization and Architecture course (CSE 2151). It covers fundamental concepts, taxonomies of execution, processor, memory, and I/O units, as well as pipelining principles and data dependencies. Test your understanding of these essential topics!

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