chapter 1 & 2 pharmo

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Which drug elimination mechanism involves carrier proteins that transport molecules from one side of the cell membrane to the other?

Facilitated diffusion (correct)

Small ions passing through the cell membrane

Direct penetration by lipid-soluble drugs

Passive diffusion

What is the most common mechanism of drug transport to and from target cells?

Direct penetration by lipid-soluble drugs

Passive diffusion (correct)

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Which process determines the onset of drug action?

Absorption (correct)

Metabolism

Excretion

Distribution

What is bioavailability a measure of in drug absorption?

Portion of a dose entering circulation to act on cells Signup and view all the answers

Which body organs usually receive drugs more rapidly due to their large blood supply?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves drug molecules combining with carrier substances like enzymes or proteins?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor in drug distribution at the capillary level?

Blood circulation adequacy Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway involves small ions like sodium and potassium passing through the cell membrane?

Second pathway- small ions passing through the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between generic names and trade names of drugs?

Generic names indicate the drug group, while trade names do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications poses a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error?

Antithrombotic agents Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medications are examples of adrenergic agonists?

Epinephrine, phenylephrine, norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of writing 'do not substitute' on a prescription?

To prevent generic equivalents from being used Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is used in the treatment of dysrhythmias and is considered a high-alert medication?

Antidysrhythmics Signup and view all the answers

How are synthetic drugs typically different from naturally derived drugs?

Synthetic drugs are less likely to produce allergic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about semisynthetic drugs?

Many antibiotics fall under the category of semisynthetic drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used for total parenteral nutrition and has a heightened risk associated with its use?

Total parenteral nutrition solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process involved in biotechnology as described in the text?

Manipulating DNA and RNA to recombine genes Signup and view all the answers

Which medication falls under the category of narcotics/opiates and is considered a high-alert medication in various formulations?

Narcotics/opiates Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cloning in drug production according to the text?

It results in genetically identical molecules for therapeutic purposes. Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents and belongs to the high-alert category?

Chemotherapeutic agents Signup and view all the answers

How do chemists often create new drugs based on existing ones?

By altering the chemical structure of existing drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of generic drugs compared to trade-named drugs?

Generic drugs are therapeutically equivalent Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT included in the rights of drug administration as mentioned in the text?

Right to administer medication with family present Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy aims to reduce interruptions during medication administration?

Implementing a 'quiet zone' Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of medication reconciliation when a patient is admitted to a new facility?

To document the list of medications the patient is taking Signup and view all the answers

In a unit-dose drug distribution system, how should each dose of a drug be recorded?

ASAP after administration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring serum drug levels?

To prevent toxicity and understand drug effects Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT an example of information conveyed by serum drug levels?

Patient's age and gender Signup and view all the answers

What legal responsibility does the text mention for nurses in medication administration?

Refusing to give an unsafe medication Signup and view all the answers

How does Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) help reduce errors in medication administration?

By typing medication orders directly into a computer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs need to be converted into water-soluble form to be metabolized by the kidney?

Lipid-soluble drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is thought to metabolize about 50% of drugs?

CYP3A4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for drugs that are initially inactive and exert no pharmacologic effect until metabolized?

Prodrugs Signup and view all the answers

In which individuals does drug metabolism tend to be reduced due to immature hepatic enzyme systems?

Malnourished patients Signup and view all the answers

Which process refers to the elimination of a drug from the body and often involves excretion through urine or bile?

Excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzyme inhibition in drug metabolism?

Delays or decreases drug metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Why may smaller doses be needed when two or more drugs are concurrently administered?

To prevent toxicity from drug accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'quiet zone' signify in the context of medication administration?

An area where medications are prepared without interruptions Signup and view all the answers

Why is bar coding used in medication administration?

To ensure correct medication administration and reduce errors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of medication reconciliation during patient admission?

To prevent medication errors, omissions, and interactions Signup and view all the answers

In what circumstances are serum drug levels typically measured?

When a drug overdose is suspected or to monitor therapeutic effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a unit-dose system in drug distribution?

It dispenses drugs in single-dose containers for individual patients Signup and view all the answers

Why is limiting the use of abbreviations recommended in medication administration?

To avoid misinterpretations that can lead to errors Signup and view all the answers

What role do serum drug levels play in medication management?

They guide healthcare providers on adjusting medication dosages Signup and view all the answers

How does Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) contribute to reducing medication errors?

By enabling prescribers to type medication orders directly to decrease errors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why generic drugs are typically less expensive than trade-named drugs?

They do not have to undergo clinical trials for FDA approval. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of drug names, what is the significance of writing 'do not substitute' on a prescription?

It prevents the substitution of generic drugs with brand-name drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Why are synthetic drugs generally considered less likely to produce allergic reactions compared to naturally derived drugs?

They usually lack the proteins that trigger allergic responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential characteristic of semisynthetic drugs like many antibiotics?

They are derived from natural sources and chemically altered. Signup and view all the answers

How do biotechnological processes differ from traditional drug synthesis in laboratories?

Biotechnology involves genetic manipulation of living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of cloning in producing proteins like insulin for therapeutic use?

It enables the production of genetically identical molecules. Signup and view all the answers

How do synthetic drugs contribute to ensuring standardization in their chemical characteristics?

By being precisely designed in laboratories. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a key difference between generic and trade names of drugs according to the text?

Trade names are often capitalized, unlike generic names. Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class poses a heightened risk of causing significant harm when used in error and includes warfarin and thrombolytics?

Antithrombotic agents Signup and view all the answers

What type of medications are commonly used in epidurals or intrathecal injections and pose a significant risk if administered incorrectly?

Narcotics/opiates Signup and view all the answers

Which medication, commonly used for moderate sedation, is classified as a high-alert medication for its potential for oversedation and respiratory depression?

Promethazine Signup and view all the answers

What category of medications includes drugs like succinylcholine and vecuronium, which can lead to paralysis if not administered correctly?

Neuromuscular blocking agents Signup and view all the answers

Which medication could be particularly dangerous if given in excessive quantities and belongs to the high-alert category?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications, commonly used for anesthesia, is considered high-alert due to the risks associated with airway compromise and oversedation?

Anesthetic agents Signup and view all the answers

Which medication category is associated with a heightened risk of electrolyte imbalances and cardiac arrhythmias if not appropriately administered?

Dialysis solutions Signup and view all the answers

What type of medications, like metoprolol and labetalol, may lead to severe hypotension or heart-related complications if given mistakenly?

Adrenergic agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion in drug transport?

Facilitated diffusion requires cellular energy, while passive diffusion does not. Signup and view all the answers

In drug distribution, which factor plays a crucial role in the transport of drug molecules within the body?

Blood circulation adequacy Signup and view all the answers

What do carrier proteins do in drug transport through the cell membrane?

Transport drug molecules from one side of the cell membrane to the other Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes bioavailability in drug absorption?

It represents the portion of a dose that reaches systemic circulation to act on body cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of active transport in drug transport mechanisms?

It requires a carrier substance and cellular energy. Signup and view all the answers

In drug absorption, what determines the intensity of drug action?

The bioavailability of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Which process helps determine the onset of drug action according to the text?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Why do drugs generally need to be transported to and from target cells using different mechanisms such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport?

To ensure a variety of routes for efficient delivery based on varying drug properties Signup and view all the answers

Why can't all drugs cross the blood-brain barrier?

They lack lipid solubility Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolism?

They influence metabolism by creating functionally different responses to drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is thought to metabolize about 25% of drugs?

CYP2D6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for enzyme induction not occurring immediately?

New enzymes need to be synthesized Signup and view all the answers

Why are smaller doses needed when two or more drugs compete for the same metabolizing enzymes?

To avoid drug accumulation and toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pathway for drug elimination from the body?

By excretion through kidneys in urine Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the circulation of a drug during enterohepatic recirculation?

It is recycled back into the liver from the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which drugs are inactivated by the body?

Metabolism/ biotransformation Signup and view all the answers

chapter 1 &amp; 2 pharmo

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Questions and Answers

Which drug elimination mechanism involves carrier proteins that transport molecules from one side of the cell membrane to the other?

What is the most common mechanism of drug transport to and from target cells?

Which process determines the onset of drug action?

What is bioavailability a measure of in drug absorption?

Which body organs usually receive drugs more rapidly due to their large blood supply?

Which mechanism involves drug molecules combining with carrier substances like enzymes or proteins?

What is an important factor in drug distribution at the capillary level?

Which pathway involves small ions like sodium and potassium passing through the cell membrane?

What is the main difference between generic names and trade names of drugs?

Which class of medications poses a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error?

Which type of medications are examples of adrenergic agonists?

What is the purpose of writing 'do not substitute' on a prescription?

Which medication class is used in the treatment of dysrhythmias and is considered a high-alert medication?

How are synthetic drugs typically different from naturally derived drugs?

Which statement is true about semisynthetic drugs?

Which medication is commonly used for total parenteral nutrition and has a heightened risk associated with its use?

What is the main process involved in biotechnology as described in the text?

Which medication falls under the category of narcotics/opiates and is considered a high-alert medication in various formulations?

What is the significance of cloning in drug production according to the text?

Which class of medications is commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents and belongs to the high-alert category?

How do chemists often create new drugs based on existing ones?

What is an essential feature of generic drugs compared to trade-named drugs?

What is NOT included in the rights of drug administration as mentioned in the text?

Which strategy aims to reduce interruptions during medication administration?

What is the purpose of medication reconciliation when a patient is admitted to a new facility?

In a unit-dose drug distribution system, how should each dose of a drug be recorded?

What is the purpose of measuring serum drug levels?

What is NOT an example of information conveyed by serum drug levels?

What legal responsibility does the text mention for nurses in medication administration?

How does Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) help reduce errors in medication administration?

Which type of drugs need to be converted into water-soluble form to be metabolized by the kidney?

Which enzyme is thought to metabolize about 50% of drugs?

What is the term for drugs that are initially inactive and exert no pharmacologic effect until metabolized?

In which individuals does drug metabolism tend to be reduced due to immature hepatic enzyme systems?

Which process refers to the elimination of a drug from the body and often involves excretion through urine or bile?

What is the role of enzyme inhibition in drug metabolism?

Why may smaller doses be needed when two or more drugs are concurrently administered?

What does a 'quiet zone' signify in the context of medication administration?

Why is bar coding used in medication administration?

What is the primary purpose of medication reconciliation during patient admission?

In what circumstances are serum drug levels typically measured?

What is the significance of a unit-dose system in drug distribution?

Why is limiting the use of abbreviations recommended in medication administration?

What role do serum drug levels play in medication management?

How does Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) contribute to reducing medication errors?

What is the primary reason why generic drugs are typically less expensive than trade-named drugs?

In the context of drug names, what is the significance of writing 'do not substitute' on a prescription?

Why are synthetic drugs generally considered less likely to produce allergic reactions compared to naturally derived drugs?

What is an essential characteristic of semisynthetic drugs like many antibiotics?

How do biotechnological processes differ from traditional drug synthesis in laboratories?

What is the main advantage of cloning in producing proteins like insulin for therapeutic use?

How do synthetic drugs contribute to ensuring standardization in their chemical characteristics?

Which of the following reflects a key difference between generic and trade names of drugs according to the text?

Which medication class poses a heightened risk of causing significant harm when used in error and includes warfarin and thrombolytics?

What type of medications are commonly used in epidurals or intrathecal injections and pose a significant risk if administered incorrectly?

Which medication, commonly used for moderate sedation, is classified as a high-alert medication for its potential for oversedation and respiratory depression?

What category of medications includes drugs like succinylcholine and vecuronium, which can lead to paralysis if not administered correctly?

Which medication could be particularly dangerous if given in excessive quantities and belongs to the high-alert category?

Which class of medications, commonly used for anesthesia, is considered high-alert due to the risks associated with airway compromise and oversedation?

Which medication category is associated with a heightened risk of electrolyte imbalances and cardiac arrhythmias if not appropriately administered?

What type of medications, like metoprolol and labetalol, may lead to severe hypotension or heart-related complications if given mistakenly?

What is the main difference between passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion in drug transport?

In drug distribution, which factor plays a crucial role in the transport of drug molecules within the body?

What do carrier proteins do in drug transport through the cell membrane?

Which of the following statements accurately describes bioavailability in drug absorption?

What is an essential feature of active transport in drug transport mechanisms?

In drug absorption, what determines the intensity of drug action?

Which process helps determine the onset of drug action according to the text?

Why do drugs generally need to be transported to and from target cells using different mechanisms such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport?

Why can't all drugs cross the blood-brain barrier?

What is the role of genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolism?

Which enzyme is thought to metabolize about 25% of drugs?

What is the main reason for enzyme induction not occurring immediately?

Why are smaller doses needed when two or more drugs compete for the same metabolizing enzymes?

What is the main pathway for drug elimination from the body?

What happens to the circulation of a drug during enterohepatic recirculation?

What is the primary method by which drugs are inactivated by the body?

chapter 1 & 2 pharmo