Org. Theory and Design: Chapter 13 (Matching)

Patents = Give owners the property right to use, control, license, and profit from their creation for a certain period Copyrights = Typically granted to people who create intellectual property, such as written or visual works Trademarks = Property rights to the name of a product, any symbols or logos associated with it, and the company that produces it Intellectual Property = Refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce

Embryonic stage = Customers are unsure what the technology embedded in the product has to offer them, so there’s little demand Growth stage = Demand increases rapidly Mature stage = When market demand peaks because most customers have already bought the product Decline stage = Follows the mature stage if and when demand for a product falls because a superior alternative product emerges

Project management = Process of leading and controlling an ongoing work program to result in creation of new or improved products Stage-gate development funnel = Establishes a structured innovation process that improves control over product development efforts and forces managers to make choices among competing new product development projects Cross-functional teams = Critical element in any structured new product development effort, helps coordinate different functional orientations and attitudes PERT/CAM network or GANTT chart = Essentially flowcharts of a project used to model sequences of actions necessary to reach a project’s goal

Intrapreneurs = Leaders of innovation and new product development in established organizations; employees who notice opportunities and manage the product development process Entrepreneurship as ‘creative destruction’ = Widespread technological changes brought about by increasing global competition that generate new innovations, leading older companies to become uncompetitive or driven out of business by more innovative ones Product life cycle = Reflects changes in demand for a product over time, passes through stages like embryonic, growth, mature, and decline Knowledge-creating organization = An organization where innovation is going on at all hierarchical levels and across all functions and divisions

Quantum technological change = Refers to a fundamental shift in technology that revolutionizes products or the way in which they are produced Incremental technological change = Refers to the improvements that are continuously made to particular technologies over time Quantum innovations = New products or operating systems that incorporate a quantum technological improvement Incremental innovations = Superior products or operating systems that incorporate and benefit from continuous refinements

Quantum technological change = Likely to cause major changes in an environment and increase uncertainty Incremental technological change = Leads to superior products or operating systems that incorporate and benefit from continuous refinements Quantum innovations = Forces organizations to change the way they operate Incremental innovations = Contribute to the effectiveness of products over time

Quantum technological change = At the heart of innovation, causing fundamental shifts in technology Incremental technological change = Contributes to the development of new and improved products through continuous improvements Quantum innovations = Revolutionize products or production methods, leading to major changes in the environment Incremental innovations = Incorporate and benefit from continuous refinements, leading to superior products

Quantum technological change = Causes revolutionary changes in products or production methods Incremental technological change = Involves continuous and gradual improvements to specific technologies Quantum innovations = Likely to increase uncertainty and force organizations to adapt Incremental innovations = Contribute to the ongoing effectiveness of products over time

Product team structure = Focuses on creating cross-functional teams for new product development Matrix structure = Suitable for managing innovation in high-tech organizations with cross-functional teams Skunk works = Temporary team created to expedite new product design and promote innovation New venture division = Self-contained division given resources to manage a project from beginning to end

Lightweight team leader = Mid-level functional manager with lower status and no control over resources Heavyweight leader = True project manager with higher status and primary control over key resources Joint venture = Allows organizations to combine skills and technologies for risky R&D projects Organizational culture = Reinforces entrepreneurial spirit and shapes the degree of emphasis on innovation

Organizational size = May slow down innovation as it increases Employee characteristics = Foster the culture of innovation in high-tech organizations Property rights = Needed to align the interests of talented employees with those of their organizations Information efficiencies = Cost and time savings that occur when IT allows employees to perform tasks at a higher level

IT facilitates creativity = Improves the initial base of knowledge for problem solving and decision making Boundary-spanning activity = Interactions across organizational boundaries to obtain valuable information and knowledge IT and organizational structure = Gives lower-level employees more detailed information about consumer and market trends Information synergies = Allows individuals or subunits to adjust actions or behaviors to achieve gains from team-based cooperation