Innate vs Adaptive Immunity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the adaptive immune system?

  • To maintain memory cells for faster response to reinfections (correct)
  • To produce cytokines and chemokines
  • To control pathogen replication
  • To provide immediate response to all pathogens

    • The innate immune system continues to function actively even after the pathogen clearance.

    False

    What are the two types of mechanisms by which immune cells contribute to killing pathogens?

    Direct cytotoxicity and indirect communication

    The immune system resolves inflammation and returns to __________.

    <p>homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the immune system with their descriptions:

    <p>Innate immunity = Rapid response to broad classes of pathogens Adaptive immunity = Slow response with memory cells Cytokines = Signaling molecules that aid in immune response Memory cells = Cells that provide durable protection after infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cDC1 cells?

    <p>Cross-presentation of antigens to CD8+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are the most numerous DC subset found in epithelium and lymphoid organs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cytoplasmic organelles found in Langerhans cells called?

    <p>Birbeck granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CDC2 cells are involved in activating CD4+ T cells and orchestrating a broader immune response, including Th1, Th2, and Th______.

    <p>17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of dendritic cells with their primary functions:

    <p>cDC1 = Cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells cDC2 = Activating CD4+ T cells plasmacytoid DCs = Producing type I interferons Langerhans cells = Presenting antigens in the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ILC1/NK cells?

    <p>Defense against intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ILC2 cells contribute to tissue repair by secreting amphiregulin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cytokines do ILC3 cells primarily produce?

    <p>IL-17 and IL-22</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ILC3 cells maintain intestinal homeostasis by regulating the balance between __________ to commensal bacteria and defense against pathogenic organisms.

    <p>tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ILC type with its primary transcription factor:

    <p>ILC1/NK cells = T-bet and Eomes ILC2 = GATA3 and Rorα ILC3 = RORγt and AHR EILP = Common lymphoid progenitor markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an outcome of overactive ILCs?

    <p>Increased risk of allergic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ILC2 cells play a role in responding to parasitic infections by secreting IL-5 and IL-13.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the common lymphoid progenitors that primarily give rise to ILC2 and ILC3.

    <p>Common helper-like innate lymphoid progenitor (CHILP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ILC1 activation is primarily triggered by __________, IL-18 and IL-15.

    <p>IL-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of IL-25 and IL-33 in relation to ILC2 cells?

    <p>Activation and proliferation of ILC2 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dendritic cell is specialized in antigen presentation and T cell activation?

    <p>Conventional DCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Follicular dendritic cells present protein antigens to T cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role do plasmacytoid dendritic cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They are key precursors of type I interferons in response to viral infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immature DCs located in peripheral tissues are specialized for _______.

    <p>antigen capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dendritic cell types with their primary characteristics:

    <p>cDC1s = Induction of Th1 responses cDC2s = Source of inflammatory cytokines pDCs = Production of type I interferons moDCs = Capture and presentation of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface marker is associated with plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

    <p>BDCA-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DCs have a low phagocytic activity when immature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main lineages from which conventional dendritic cells develop?

    <p>CMPs (Common Myeloid Progenitors) and CLPs (Common Lymphoid Progenitors).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of CD11c, a marker found on cDCs, is the _______.

    <p>activation of T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily produced by cDC2s?

    <p>IL-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of MHC molecules?

    <p>To bind and present peptide antigens to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC class II molecules present intracellular antigens to T cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of MHC molecules?

    <p>MHC class I, MHC class II, MHC class III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC genes are located on chromosome ______.

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following MHC molecules with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>MHC class I = Present intracellular antigens MHC class II = Present extracellular antigens MHC class III = Encode immune-related proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which MHC class is primarily recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>MHC class I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HLA-B27 is associated with ankylosing spondylitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'balancing selection' in the context of MHC genes?

    <p>It refers to the advantage of heterozygosity allowing for a broader range of antigen presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC class I molecules are present on ______ nucleated cells.

    <p>most</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following MHC genes with their respective classes:

    <p>HLA-A = MHC class I HLA-DP = MHC class II HLA-DR = MHC class II HLA-B = MHC class I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the peptide-binding groove of MHC class II allow?

    <p>Binding of longer peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC molecules have minimal genetic diversity among individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of MHC class III molecules.

    <p>Encode immune-related proteins such as complement proteins and cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC molecules are crucial for distinguishing ______ from non-self.

    <p>self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

    • The innate immune system responds quickly to a broad range of pathogens, controlling replication while stimulating the adaptive response. Adaptive immunity is slower but more specific and requires an initial response from the innate system to fully clear pathogens
    • Memory cells are produced by the adaptive immune system, leading to more rapid and robust responses during reinfection

    Immune Response Steps

    • Recognition: Pathogens are recognized by receptors on immune cells.
    • Activation: Immune cells change in response to infection.
    • Effector Mechanisms: Effector mechanisms kill pathogens by directly killing or by releasing signaling molecules that indirectly influence other immune cells.
    • Resolution: Inflammation is resolved and homeostasis is restored.
    • Barrier Immunity: Mucosal barriers maintain homeostasis, regulate microbiota, and promote tissue repair.

    Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)

    • ILC1/NK cells: Defend against intracellular pathogens by producing IFN-γ to activate macrophages and promote cytotoxic activity.
    • ILC2: Respond to parasitic infections and allergens, contributing to type 2 immunity by secreting IL-5 and IL-13.
    • ILC3: Defend against extracellular bacteria and fungi through the production of IL-7 and IL-22, maintaining epithelial integrity and stimulating antimicrobial peptide production.

    ILC Role in Tissue Homeostasis and Repair

    • ILC2: Contribute to tissue repair in the lungs and gut by secreting amphiregulin, promoting epithelial cell proliferation.
    • ILC3: Maintain intestinal homeostasis by regulating tolerance to commensal bacteria and defense against pathogens.

    ILC Contribution to Inflammation and Disease

    • Overactive ILCs contribute to allergic diseases like asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis.
    • ILC3s are linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

    ILC Development

    • ILCs originate from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) in the bone marrow but branch off early due to their lack of recombination-activating gene (RAG)-dependent receptor rearrangement.
    • Early innate lymphoid progenitor (EILP): Retains the capacity to differentiate into all ILCs, but not adaptive lymphocytes.
    • Common helper-like innate lymphoid progenitor (CHILP): Gives rise to ILC2 and ILC3, but not NK cells or T cells.

    Transcription Factors for ILC Development

    • ILC1/NK cells: T-bet and Eomes (eomesodermin).
    • ILC2: GATA3 and Rorα.
    • ILC3: RORγt and AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor).

    ILC Activation

    • ILCs are maintained in a quiescent state under normal conditions.
    • Local cues, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or cytokines (IL-25, IL-33) activate ILCs, resulting in proliferation and the release of effector cytokines that shape the immune response.

    Activation Signals for ILC Types

    • ILC1: IL-12, IL-18 and IL-15, stress ligands (e.g., MIC-A/MIC-B for NK cells).
    • ILC2: IL-25, IL-33, TSLP, IL-4.
    • ILC3: IL-1β, IL-23, IL-7.

    Regulatory Inputs for ILC Activation

    • Classical/conventional dendritic cells (cDCs): The primary DC subset, involved in capturing protein antigens from microbes and presenting them to T cells.
      • cDC1: Specializes in cross-presentation of antigens to CD8+ T cells, essential for anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity.
      • cDC2: Activates CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) and orchestrates a broader immune response (both Th1, Th2, and Th17 pathways).
    • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs): Resemble plasma cells, and are the main producers of type I interferons. Play a crucial role in antiviral immunity.
    • Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs): Differentiate from monocytes in inflammatory conditions, playing a significant role in inflammation and infection.
    • Langerhans cells: Found in the epidermis, function in the context of skin infections to activate CD4+ T cells or induce tolerance to self-antigens.
    • Follicular DCs: Do not present protein antigens, but are involved in B cell activation in lymph nodes.

    MHC Molecules

    • MHC class I: Presents intracellular antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, which can kill infected or malignant cells. Found on most nucleated cells.
    • MHC class II: Presents extracellular antigens to CD4+ helper T cells.
    • MHC class III: Encodes immune-related proteins such as complement proteins and cytokines.

    MHC Genes

    • MHC genes are located in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex on chromosome 6.
    • MHC genes are highly polymorphic, contributing to genetic diversity in the population.
    • The different alleles are inherited in haplotypes, resulting in a diverse set of antigen-presenting capabilities in each individual.
    • Polymorphism in MHC genes allows for recognition of a broad range of antigens, enhancing the ability to respond to diverse pathogens.

    MHC Genes and Disease Association

    • HLA-B27 is associated with ankylosing spondylitis.

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    Test your knowledge on the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. This quiz covers the immune response steps, the role of memory cells, and the functions of innate lymphoid cells. Understand how the immune system protects the body from pathogens and restores homeostasis.

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