Innate Immunity Overview

<p>Opsonization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaps are filled by DNA synthesis and ligation to form coding joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle contraction and movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtering lymph fluid to remove pathogens and cancer cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removing old and damaged red blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nomenclature for identifying cell surface proteins, often used as biomarkers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to specific antigens, initiating B cell activation and antibody production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.1-10 micrometers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a protective and lubricating coating on mucous membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can differentiate into all cell types in an adult organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alternative pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of C3a and C3b, leading to opsonization and inflammation initiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The coating of a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70-80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to pathogen surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megakaryocyte-erythroid precursor cell -&gt; erythroblast -&gt; erythrocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition of pathogen surfaces by C-reactive protein or antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form a rapid, amplified response to trigger stimuli via cascade phenomena. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct interaction with T-cell receptors to enhance adaptive immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perforation of pathogen cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease NFkB activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of endotoxic shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate immune cell interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TNF-alpha (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating leukocyte movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are differentiated by the location of cysteine residues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TNF-beta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response is dependent on prior exposure to the same invader (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-100 nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunological (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating the hydrolysis of a B-1-4-glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM in bacterial cell walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trapping pathogens and preventing their adherence to epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HNP1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It actively participates in immune responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

First pathway of complement activation initiated by pathogen surface.

Second pathway of complement activation, depends on mannose-binding lectin binding to pathogens.

Third pathway of complement activation triggered by antibodies binding to antigens.

Cleavage of C3 protein into C3a and C3b during complement activation.

Process where pathogens are marked for destruction by phagocytes.

A system of about 30 proteins involved in immune response initiation.

The body's initial response to foreign organisms, activating complement system.

A chain reaction where the product of one reaction activates the next in complement.

A viscous substance secreted by mucous membranes for protection.

Gel-forming glycoproteins in mucus with a peptide backbone.

The moist tissue lining certain organs and body cavities.

Organisms without a nucleus, usually 0.1-10 micrometers.

Organisms with a nucleus, typically 10-100 micrometers.

Cells that can develop into multiple cell types.

Cells capable of becoming any cell type in an adult.

The process of generating blood cells from stem cells.

A colorless fluid containing white blood cells that drains into the bloodstream.

Small structures that filter lymph and trap pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

A system to identify cell surface proteins used as biomarkers for cells.

B cell receptor that binds to specific antigens made of light and heavy chains.

The process by which specific immune cells proliferate in response to an antigen.

The immune response that is modified by previous exposure to infectious agents, involving B and T lymphocytes.

Four major classes include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, each varying in size.

Pathogens can damage cells and tissues through various mechanisms, including toxin release and cell invasion.

Includes mechanical, chemical, and microbiological barriers to protect against pathogens.

Peptides that hydrolyze bacterial cell wall bonds, found in secretions like tears and saliva.

Antimicrobial peptides divided into alpha and beta classes, acting against infections.

Mucus traps pathogens and prevents infections in mucosal membranes.

Recombination Signal Sequences that guide somatic recombination.

Recombination-activating genes expressed in B and T cells for rearranging gene segments.

Process enhancing antibody diversity beyond somatic recombination through additional modifications.

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, an enzyme adding n-nucleotides during junctional diversity.

Methods by which antibodies neutralize pathogens, including opsonization and neutralization.

Steroids decrease NFkB activity, alleviating disease symptoms.

LPS is an endotoxin from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria like E.coli.

LPS can cause high fever, increased respiration, low blood pressure, leading to endotoxic shock.

Low molecular weight proteins acting as messengers between cells, influencing various cell behaviors.

Types include TNFa, IL1, IL6, IL8, promoting inflammation.

Examples are IL-1ra, IL10, IL4, which reduce inflammation effects.

Cytokines primarily mediating communication between leukocytes.

Cytokines that attract leukocytes to sites of infection/inflammation, divided into families.