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Questions and Answers
What triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?
What triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?
What indicates that a complement protein has been activated?
What indicates that a complement protein has been activated?
Which complement activation pathway does not require the presence of antibodies?
Which complement activation pathway does not require the presence of antibodies?
What is the primary role of the complement system in the immune response?
What is the primary role of the complement system in the immune response?
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What is the role of the activated complement fragments during the immune response?
What is the role of the activated complement fragments during the immune response?
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What is the primary advantage of normal microbiota in relation to pathogenic microbes?
What is the primary advantage of normal microbiota in relation to pathogenic microbes?
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Which of the following substances do some normal microbiota produce to inhibit pathogens?
Which of the following substances do some normal microbiota produce to inhibit pathogens?
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How do normal microbiota alter conditions that affect pathogen survival?
How do normal microbiota alter conditions that affect pathogen survival?
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What role do normal microbiota play in the development of the immune system?
What role do normal microbiota play in the development of the immune system?
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What type of symbiotic relationship describes normal microbiota living on human skin?
What type of symbiotic relationship describes normal microbiota living on human skin?
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Which microbe is known for producing hydrogen peroxide to combat infections?
Which microbe is known for producing hydrogen peroxide to combat infections?
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Why might babies who lack normal flora be more prone to allergies later in life?
Why might babies who lack normal flora be more prone to allergies later in life?
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What is the primary purpose of chemotaxis in phagocytosis?
What is the primary purpose of chemotaxis in phagocytosis?
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Which phase of phagocytosis involves the attachment of phagocytes to microorganisms?
Which phase of phagocytosis involves the attachment of phagocytes to microorganisms?
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What role do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in phagocytosis?
What role do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in phagocytosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a phase of phagocytosis?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of phagocytosis?
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Phagocytes are attracted to pathogens by which of the following?
Phagocytes are attracted to pathogens by which of the following?
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What are PAMPs in the context of phagocytosis?
What are PAMPs in the context of phagocytosis?
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Which type of phagocytic cell is often attracted to damaged tissue during an infection?
Which type of phagocytic cell is often attracted to damaged tissue during an infection?
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What initiates the chemotactic process in phagocytosis?
What initiates the chemotactic process in phagocytosis?
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Which component assists in attracting phagocytes to the site of infection?
Which component assists in attracting phagocytes to the site of infection?
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What is the final phase of phagocytosis?
What is the final phase of phagocytosis?
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What is the main function of lymphoid tissues and organs?
What is the main function of lymphoid tissues and organs?
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Which organ serves as a site for T cell maturation?
Which organ serves as a site for T cell maturation?
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What are phagocytes primarily involved in?
What are phagocytes primarily involved in?
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During an infection, which type of white blood cell predominates in the early phase?
During an infection, which type of white blood cell predominates in the early phase?
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What happens to monocytes after they leave the blood?
What happens to monocytes after they leave the blood?
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Which type of macrophages are resident in specific tissues?
Which type of macrophages are resident in specific tissues?
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How is the shift in white blood cell types characterized during an infection?
How is the shift in white blood cell types characterized during an infection?
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What are free macrophages known for?
What are free macrophages known for?
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Where are Kupffer’s cells located?
Where are Kupffer’s cells located?
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What is one primary function of inflammation?
What is one primary function of inflammation?
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What characterizes acute inflammation?
What characterizes acute inflammation?
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Which cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
Which cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
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What are common examples of chronic inflammation?
What are common examples of chronic inflammation?
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Which cytokine is produced by macrophages in response to microbial structures during inflammation?
Which cytokine is produced by macrophages in response to microbial structures during inflammation?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by symptoms that develop slowly and can persist for months or years?
What type of inflammation is characterized by symptoms that develop slowly and can persist for months or years?
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What effect does vasodilation have during inflammation?
What effect does vasodilation have during inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a result of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT typically a result of inflammation?
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The accumulation of which substances can cause swelling during inflammation?
The accumulation of which substances can cause swelling during inflammation?
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What role do monocytes and macrophages play in chronic inflammation?
What role do monocytes and macrophages play in chronic inflammation?
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity Defenses
- The first line of defense against pathogens is skin and mucous membranes
- The second line of defense is phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances.
Immunity
- Immunity is the ability to fight off disease
- Susceptibility is the lack of resistance to a disease
- There are two types of immunity: innate and adaptive.
Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity is non-specific, meaning it responds to any pathogen.
- It's rapid, present at birth, and does not have memory of past encounters.
- First-line defenses include skin and mucous membranes.
- Second-line defenses include NK cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances.
- Innate immunity serves as the body's early-warning system.
Adaptive Immunity
- Adaptive immunity responds to specific pathogens.
- It is slower to respond than innate immunity.
- It has memory, allowing for a faster and stronger response to subsequent exposures.
- Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes, including T cells and B cells.
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a component of innate immunity.
- It is a local defensive response to damage to the body.
- Signs and symptoms include pain, redness, immobility, swelling (edema), and heat.
- Functions include destroying injurious agents and their by-products, repairing damaged tissue.
Fever
- A systemic response to injury, often caused by infection.
- Higher body temperatures can help our cells work more efficiently and stimulate the production of some immune proteins.
Antimicrobial Substances
- Substances that inhibit or kill microbes (e.g., lysozyme, low pH, and sebum.)
- Produced by the body, and important in combating infection.
Normal Microbiota
- Normal microbiota compete with pathogenic microbes for resources and space.
- They also produce substances that inhibit microbial growth.
- Important in preventing infections.
Phagocytes
- Phagocytes are cells that ingest and destroy microbes.
- Key steps in phagocytosis include chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion.
- Phagocytosis is critical for innate immune defense.
Complement System
- The complement system is a group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbes.
- It enhances immunity by three mechanisms: cytolysis, opsonization, inflammation
- There are 3 pathways involved: classical, alternative, and lectin.
- Regulatory proteins are important to control complement activation.
Interferons
- Interferons are antiviral proteins.
- Interferons are produced by infected cells.
- Interferons alert neighboring cells of an infection, slowing viral replication.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of innate immunity, including its defenses, types, and comparison with adaptive immunity. Key topics include the first and second lines of defense and the body's response to pathogens. Test your knowledge on how innate immunity protects the body from diseases.
