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What is the primary function of the innate immune system?
What is the primary function of the innate immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a physical barrier to infection?
Which of the following is NOT a physical barrier to infection?
What is the function of collectins in the innate immune system?
What is the function of collectins in the innate immune system?
Which of the following lymphoid organs is NOT connected to the lymphatic vessels?
Which of the following lymphoid organs is NOT connected to the lymphatic vessels?
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What is the function of mast cells in the innate immune system?
What is the function of mast cells in the innate immune system?
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What is the function of neutrophils in the innate immune system?
What is the function of neutrophils in the innate immune system?
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What is the function of eosinophils in the innate immune system?
What is the function of eosinophils in the innate immune system?
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What is the consequence of innate immunity activation?
What is the consequence of innate immunity activation?
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What is the primary function of ligands such as VCAM and ICAM formed by activated endothelial cells during vasodilation?
What is the primary function of ligands such as VCAM and ICAM formed by activated endothelial cells during vasodilation?
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What is the primary mechanism by which phagocytes slow down their rolling during activation and firm attachment?
What is the primary mechanism by which phagocytes slow down their rolling during activation and firm attachment?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for inducing IFN-γ production, which activates macrophages and cell-mediated immunity?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for inducing IFN-γ production, which activates macrophages and cell-mediated immunity?
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What is the purpose of phagocytes releasing digestive enzymes during transendothelial migration?
What is the purpose of phagocytes releasing digestive enzymes during transendothelial migration?
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What is the final stage of phagocytosis where microbes are ingested and engulfed by phagocytes?
What is the final stage of phagocytosis where microbes are ingested and engulfed by phagocytes?
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What is the primary function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
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What is the primary role of surface receptors on macrophages and neutrophils during recognition and attachment?
What is the primary role of surface receptors on macrophages and neutrophils during recognition and attachment?
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Which type of interferon is produced by lymphocytes and NK cells and activates macrophages?
Which type of interferon is produced by lymphocytes and NK cells and activates macrophages?
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What is the primary mechanism of monocyte and macrophage function in the immune response?
What is the primary mechanism of monocyte and macrophage function in the immune response?
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What is the term used to describe the process of phagocytes crossing the endothelial layer into the affected site?
What is the term used to describe the process of phagocytes crossing the endothelial layer into the affected site?
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Which type of cell is responsible for releasing IL-1, which activates neighboring PMN cells during the migration of cells from the blood stream into infected tissues?
Which type of cell is responsible for releasing IL-1, which activates neighboring PMN cells during the migration of cells from the blood stream into infected tissues?
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What is the primary function of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary function of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
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What is the primary function of autocrine cytokines?
What is the primary function of autocrine cytokines?
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Which type of cell is responsible for killing tumor cells and viral-infected cells through the release of granzyme and perforin?
Which type of cell is responsible for killing tumor cells and viral-infected cells through the release of granzyme and perforin?
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Which type of enzymes are active at low pH?
Which type of enzymes are active at low pH?
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Which of the following antimicrobial mechanisms is non-lysosomal dependent?
Which of the following antimicrobial mechanisms is non-lysosomal dependent?
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Which cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T cells?
Which cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T cells?
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What is the function of MHC class I?
What is the function of MHC class I?
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What is the function of acute phase proteins?
What is the function of acute phase proteins?
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What is the effect of IL-1 on the brain?
What is the effect of IL-1 on the brain?
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What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the inflammatory response?
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What is the effect of IL-6 on the liver?
What is the effect of IL-6 on the liver?
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity
- Pre-existing, prevents infection by pathogens, and mounts an immediate defense against infectious agents
- Components of innate immunity:
- Physical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
- Chemical and biochemical barriers (e.g., lysozyme, fatty acids, HCL)
- Antimicrobial peptides in secretions (e.g., defensins, cathelicidins, collectins)
- Lymphoid organs (e.g., bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, MALT)
- Lymphatic vessels and lymph
Innate Immune Cells
- Mast cells: involved in hypersensitivity, release histamine, heparin, and proteolytic enzymes
- Basophils: involved in hypersensitivity, release histamine, heparin, and proteolytic enzymes
- Eosinophils: involved in hypersensitivity and parasitic infection, produce and release toxic agents, peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein
- Neutrophils: phagocytose small pathogens
- Monocytes (blood circulation) and macrophages (tissues): engulf pathogens and larger particles, present antigens on MHC class I or class II
- NK cells: produce IFN-γ, kill tumor cells, kill viral, intracellular pathogen, and protozoan infected cells
Inflammatory Response
- Mediated by cytokines, chemokines, and innate immune cells
- Cytokines: paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine, released by producer and acts on neighboring cells, activates macrophages, and enhances responses
- Chemokines: attract and recruit immune cells
- Interferons: IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ, produced by macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial, and epithelial cells, activate macrophages, and have antiviral effects
Migration of Cells
- Rolling: interaction between ligands on endothelial cells and receptors on phagocytes
- Activation and firm attachment: ligands on endothelial cells interact with receptors on phagocytes, chemokines increase the number of innate immune cells gathered at the affected site
- Transendothelial migration: phagocytes release digestive enzymes to loosen up the endothelial junctions, and cross the endothelial layer into the affected site
Phagocytosis
- Recognition and attachment: mediated by surface receptors on macrophages/neutrophils
- Ingestion: formation of pseudopodia to engulf microbial cells, inclusion of microbes in the phagosome
- Killing and degradation: lysosomal dependent (e.g., chlorine product, defensins, proteolytic enzymes) and non-lysosomal dependent (e.g., respiratory burst, oxygen radicals, NO)
Antigen Presentation
- Antigen presenting cells (APC): macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
- MHC class I: presents endogenous peptides, found on all nucleated cells, leads to cytotoxicity
- MHC class II: presents extracellular antigens, found on APC, signals the activation of the immune response
Inflammatory Response
- Systemic: affects the whole body
- Local: affects a specific area of the body
- Acute phase response: cytokines and the brain, induces fever, somnolence, and anorexia; cytokines and the liver, promotes acute phase proteins synthesis in the liver
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Description
Learn about the components and mechanisms of innate immunity, and its consequences in activating an inflammatory response. Understand the role of innate immunity in the human body.
