Innate Immune Response
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Questions and Answers

TLR3 recognizes dsRNA, a component of viral replication.

True

TLR1 and TLR6 are involved in recognizing diacyle peptides produced by Mycoplasma.

True

TLR5 recognizes bacterial flagellin, a protein component of bacterial flagella.

True

TLR2 recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacteria.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

NOD-like receptors are located on the cell surface and detect extracellular microbial products.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytic cells, like macrophages, are responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activation of the NF-ҡB pathway by NOD-like receptors leads to an anti-inflammatory response.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

TLR10 recognizes a specific type of bacterial or viral component.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first line of defense against pathogens is entirely nonspecific, meaning it does not target particular pathogens.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of a normal microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract is considered a component of the first line of defense.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lysozyme is an antimicrobial enzyme found only in tears and saliva.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skin is considered a physical barrier to pathogens due to its ability to produce sweat and sebaceous secretions with antimicrobial properties.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psoriasin, a protein with antibacterial properties, is produced by the digestive system.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The acidity of the stomach is a key factor in the first line of defense against pathogens.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ciliated cells in the respiratory tract move mucous upwards towards the natural orifices to prevent pathogens from entering the body.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The immune system's adaptive response, which involves specific recognition of pathogens, is considered part of the first line of defense.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Innate Immunity

  • Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and provides immediate response
  • It is a general defense mechanism that is not directed against specific pathogens
  • Innate immunity is active from birth and lacks immunologic memory

Barriers to Infectious Agents

  • Skin (epithelium) and mucous membranes are physical barriers that prevent pathogen entry
  • Sweat and sebaceous secretions have antimicrobial properties due to acid pH and fatty acids
  • Lysozyme, a hydrolytic enzyme, is present in mucous secretions and can lyse gram-positive bacteria
  • Psoriasin, a protein with antibacterial properties, is produced by skin

Respiratory Tract Defense

  • Mucous covers the surface and is constantly being driven upward by ciliated cells towards natural orifices
  • Lysozymes, IgA, and phagocytes provide additional defense mechanisms
  • Hair at the nares and cough reflex serve as special protective mechanisms

Gastrointestinal Tract Defense

  • Saliva contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • Acidity of the stomach and proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine provide defense
  • Normal microbiota in the gut opposes the establishment of pathogenic microorganisms through bacterial interference
  • Normal Lactobacilli in the vagina maintain acid pH, inhibiting yeast, anaerobe, and Gram-negative bacteria growth

Innate Immune Response

  • Interaction with invading microorganisms triggers the release of complement, cytokines, and chemokines
  • Macrophages and other phagocytic cells possess microbial sensors, including TLRs, NLRs, and RIG-1 like helicases
  • TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate the innate immune response
  • 10 human TLRs have been identified, each recognizing unique microbial patterns
  • NOD-like receptors sense DAMPs and PAMPs in the cytosol and activate the NF-ҡB pathway

Phagocytic Cells

  • Phagocytic cells include macrophages and other cells that can engulf and kill microorganisms
  • Functions of phagocytic cells include chemotaxis, migration, ingestion, and microbial killing
  • Phagocytic cells can increase in number during infections and engulf foreign substances in lymphatic, lung, or blood stream

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Description

This quiz covers the first line of defense against pathogens, including barriers to infection and immune components that aid in the adaptive response. It discusses the general defense mechanisms that are present from birth and are rapidly mobilized at the initial site of infection.

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