Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a component of the first layer of host defense?
Which of the following is a component of the first layer of host defense?
- T cells
- Skin (correct)
- Complement
- Antibodies
Which of the following is a component of the innate immune response?
Which of the following is a component of the innate immune response?
- Macrophages (correct)
- T cells
- Antibodies
- B cells
A complete blood count with differential white cell count is drawn on a patient with an acute bacterial infection. Which of the following results is expected?
A complete blood count with differential white cell count is drawn on a patient with an acute bacterial infection. Which of the following results is expected?
- Increased lymphocyte count
- Decreased monocyte count
- Increased neutrophil count (correct)
- Decreased neutrophil count
Antihistamines that are given to treat allergies counteract histamine release by which cells?
Antihistamines that are given to treat allergies counteract histamine release by which cells?
A patient presents with complaints of a cough and itchy eyes. Which of the following is most likely to be the cause?
A patient presents with complaints of a cough and itchy eyes. Which of the following is most likely to be the cause?
Which of the following locations in the body plays the most important role in the activation of an adaptive immune response?
Which of the following locations in the body plays the most important role in the activation of an adaptive immune response?
Which of the following is true regarding natural killer (NK) cells?
Which of the following is true regarding natural killer (NK) cells?
Which of the following best characterizes innate immunity?
Which of the following best characterizes innate immunity?
Which cell type is most important for cytokine secretion after an acute injury?
Which cell type is most important for cytokine secretion after an acute injury?
Which gene mutation is most closely associated with causing epithelial damage in atopic dermatitis?
Which gene mutation is most closely associated with causing epithelial damage in atopic dermatitis?
What best describes inflammaging?
What best describes inflammaging?
Which factor most significantly contributes to an optimum red blood cell lifespan?
Which factor most significantly contributes to an optimum red blood cell lifespan?
What is the fate of iron ions when red blood cells are broken down?
What is the fate of iron ions when red blood cells are broken down?
Following a gastrectomy, which test is most likely to differentiate between vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency in a pale, fatigued patient?
Following a gastrectomy, which test is most likely to differentiate between vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency in a pale, fatigued patient?
What is a characteristic of hemolytic anemia?
What is a characteristic of hemolytic anemia?
Why do patients with vitamin K deficiency experience increased prothrombin time and excess bleeding?
Why do patients with vitamin K deficiency experience increased prothrombin time and excess bleeding?
Which of the following cells is LEAST likely to be found in joint fluid aspirated from a knee with rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following cells is LEAST likely to be found in joint fluid aspirated from a knee with rheumatoid arthritis?
After macrophages, T cells, and B cells respond to tissue antigens, what is the result?
After macrophages, T cells, and B cells respond to tissue antigens, what is the result?
Following an acute injury, which cell type is MOST important for cytokine secretion that progresses the healing of the wound?
Following an acute injury, which cell type is MOST important for cytokine secretion that progresses the healing of the wound?
What happens to iron ions when red blood cells are broken down?
What happens to iron ions when red blood cells are broken down?
Which of the following is a characteristic of hemolytic anemia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of hemolytic anemia?
What is the source of MOST of the iron required for new red blood cell (RBC) synthesis?
What is the source of MOST of the iron required for new red blood cell (RBC) synthesis?
Which of the following is characteristic of normal, healthy endothelial cells?
Which of the following is characteristic of normal, healthy endothelial cells?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of red blood cells?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of red blood cells?
Which of the following is a physical barrier that serves as a first line of defense in the body's immune system?
Which of the following is a physical barrier that serves as a first line of defense in the body's immune system?
Which of the following cell types is characteristic of the innate immune response?
Which of the following cell types is characteristic of the innate immune response?
What is the primary function of antibodies?
What is the primary function of antibodies?
Which of the following is a common symptom of allergic rhinitis?
Which of the following is a common symptom of allergic rhinitis?
Where does the adaptive immune response primarily get activated?
Where does the adaptive immune response primarily get activated?
What is a key characteristic of innate immunity compared to adaptive immunity?
What is a key characteristic of innate immunity compared to adaptive immunity?
Which process describes the term 'inflammaging'?
Which process describes the term 'inflammaging'?
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier in the first line of defense?
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier in the first line of defense?
Which immune response acts rapidly and is non-specific?
Which immune response acts rapidly and is non-specific?
Which cell type is elevated in a complete blood count during a bacterial infection?
Which cell type is elevated in a complete blood count during a bacterial infection?
What cells release histamine, leading to allergy symptoms?
What cells release histamine, leading to allergy symptoms?
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is commonly called what?
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is commonly called what?
Where do T and B cells mature?
Where do T and B cells mature?
What type of immune cell can directly kill infected cells?
What type of immune cell can directly kill infected cells?
Which of the following describes innate immunity?
Which of the following describes innate immunity?
Flashcards
First layer of host defense
First layer of host defense
Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes that prevent pathogen entry.
Components of innate immune response
Components of innate immune response
Non-specific defense mechanisms like phagocytes and inflammation that act immediately.
Cough and itchy eyes
Cough and itchy eyes
Common symptoms of allergic rhinitis caused by allergens.
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
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Cytokine secretion after acute injury
Cytokine secretion after acute injury
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Vitamin K deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency
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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) risk
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) risk
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Iron role in red blood cells
Iron role in red blood cells
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Acute bacterial infection blood count
Acute bacterial infection blood count
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Components of adaptive immune response
Components of adaptive immune response
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Cells releasing histamine
Cells releasing histamine
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Rheumatoid arthritis joint fluid
Rheumatoid arthritis joint fluid
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Cytokine function in injury
Cytokine function in injury
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Atopic dermatitis gene mutation
Atopic dermatitis gene mutation
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Anemia in chronic kidney disease
Anemia in chronic kidney disease
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Clinical test after gastrectomy
Clinical test after gastrectomy
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Innate immune response
Innate immune response
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Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis
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Adaptive immune response activation
Adaptive immune response activation
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Prothrombin time and Vitamin K deficiency
Prothrombin time and Vitamin K deficiency
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Iron in red blood cell synthesis
Iron in red blood cell synthesis
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Erythropoietin deficiency
Erythropoietin deficiency
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Inflammaging
Inflammaging
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Joint fluid in rheumatoid arthritis
Joint fluid in rheumatoid arthritis
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Adaptive immune response activation site
Adaptive immune response activation site
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Antihistamines and histamine release
Antihistamines and histamine release
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Iron fate in RBC breakdown
Iron fate in RBC breakdown
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Natural killer (NK) cells function
Natural killer (NK) cells function
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Complete blood count with infection
Complete blood count with infection
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Vitamin K deficiency consequences
Vitamin K deficiency consequences
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Innate immunity characteristics
Innate immunity characteristics
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Role of lymph nodes
Role of lymph nodes
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Cytokines in healing
Cytokines in healing
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Erythropoietin's role in anemia
Erythropoietin's role in anemia
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Cause of allergic rhinitis
Cause of allergic rhinitis
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Deep vein thrombosis risk factors
Deep vein thrombosis risk factors
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Vitamin K and bleeding
Vitamin K and bleeding
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Iron recycling
Iron recycling
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Study Notes
First Layer of Host Defense
- The skin produces sebum and sweat, acting as chemical and physical barriers
- These chemical defenses are part of the first line of defense against pathogens
Innate Immune Response
- Neutrophils are highly phagocytic cells, part of the innate immune response
- Components of the second layer of the immune response include the complement system
- Components of the adaptive immune response include B cells and T lymphocytes
- White blood cells orchestrate a broad immune response to invading pathogens
Adaptive Immune Response
- B and T lymphocytes are components of the adaptive immune response, acting later in the immune response.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential
- In acute bacterial infection, leukocytosis, an increase in neutrophils, is expected.
- Lymphocytes may increase in number during acute infection, however, neutrophil count is the primary marker for this condition
Antihistamines
- Monocytes and macrophages do not produce histamine
- Eosinophils do not produce histamine.
Allergic Response / Allergic Rhinitis
- Characteristic symptoms: stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, postnasal drip, and cough.
- Allergic rhinitis is a likely cause of patient symptoms complaining of a cough and itchy eyes.
- Atopic dermatitis includes intense itching and inflammatory papules.
- Asthma symptoms include chest tightness, dyspnea, cough, wheezing, and worsening of symptoms with exposure.
Adaptive Immunity Activation
- Lymph nodes are the major site of communication between antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells during a developing immune response.
- The liver and Thymus are not the primary sites of adaptive immune response activation. The spleen is also involved, involved in the activation of T and B cells.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- NK cells originate in the lymphoid tissue
- They are not adaptive immune cells
- NK cells are active in killing virus-infected and cancerous cells
Chronic Inflammation
- When long-lived macrophages, T cells, and B cells respond to tissue antigens, the result is chronic inflammation, characterized by pain, swelling, and impaired function.
Innate Immunity Characteristic
- Innate immunity begins with myeloid lineage blood cells such as neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages that recognize general pathogen patterns, and forms physical barriers like epithelial cells.
- Myeloid lineage blood cells, are not involved in adaptive immunity
Hemolytic Anemia Findings
- Jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia are common in hemolytic anemias.
Iron Storage Location
- The liver is the primary location for iron storage within the body.
- The spleen also stores iron but to a lesser degree.
Thrombosis Risk Factors
- Age, immobility during a long trip and conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can contribute to an increased risk of a deep vein thrombosis(DVT) in some individuals.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells are characteristic of iron-deficiency anemia.
- In iron deficiency anemia, red blood cells appear pale and less red (hypochromic) and small (microcytic).
Blood Flow in Vasculature
- Smooth laminar flow of blood through vessels is a characteristic of the normal vascular system.
- Shear stress is caused by layers of blood traveling smoothly through the vessel.
Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm Formation
- The abdominal aorta is the most common location for atherosclerosis followed by aneurysm formation.
Atherosclerosis Development Stages
- Thrombus formation is a later step in atherosclerosis development.
- Platelet adhesion to plaque is a late stage in plaque development.
- Migration of LDL into the intima occurs early in atherosclerosis.
- Calcium deposition occurs in the middle and late stages of plaque development.
Vitamin K Deficiency
- Vitamin K is oxidized during liver clotting factor carboxylation, required for factor function.
- Vitamin K deficiency results in increased prothrombin time and excess bleeding.
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Description
Explore the human body's defenses. From the skin's chemical barriers to innate and adaptive immune responses involving neutrophils, lymphocytes, and the complement system. Learn about diagnostic markers of bacterial infections and components of the complete blood count.
