Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes an antigen?
Which statement accurately describes an antigen?
- An antigen is a protein that binds to pathogens to prevent infection.
- An antigen is an immune cell that destroys pathogens.
- An antigen is any substance that initiates an immune response. (correct)
- An antigen is a type of antibody produced by B cells.
What characteristic of adaptive immunity allows the body to remember past infections?
What characteristic of adaptive immunity allows the body to remember past infections?
- Systemic nature
- Immediate response to pathogens
- Memory function (correct)
- Antigen-specific response
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the cytotoxic response in cell-mediated immunity?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the cytotoxic response in cell-mediated immunity?
- Cytotoxic T cells (correct)
- Helper T cells
- Memory T cells
- B cells
What role do helper T cells play in antibody-mediated immunity?
What role do helper T cells play in antibody-mediated immunity?
Which process allows antibodies to bind and neutralize toxins?
Which process allows antibodies to bind and neutralize toxins?
Memory T cells function primarily to:
Memory T cells function primarily to:
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are crucial for which process?
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are crucial for which process?
What is a primary function of plasma cells in the immune response?
What is a primary function of plasma cells in the immune response?
What is the primary role of lysozymes in immune defense?
What is the primary role of lysozymes in immune defense?
Which component is NOT a part of the innate immune responses?
Which component is NOT a part of the innate immune responses?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of phagocytosis?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of phagocytosis?
What function do pyrogens serve in the immune system?
What function do pyrogens serve in the immune system?
Which specific immune response results from the mobilization of phagocytes?
Which specific immune response results from the mobilization of phagocytes?
What role does the complement system play in immune defense?
What role does the complement system play in immune defense?
Which immune cell type is known for releasing interferons?
Which immune cell type is known for releasing interferons?
Which of the following statements accurately describes natural killer (NK) cells?
Which of the following statements accurately describes natural killer (NK) cells?
What is the primary cause of the symptoms associated with inflammation, such as redness and swelling?
What is the primary cause of the symptoms associated with inflammation, such as redness and swelling?
Which mechanism is NOT involved in the stages of inflammation?
Which mechanism is NOT involved in the stages of inflammation?
Flashcards
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
The body's specific immune response to foreign substances, characterized by antigen-specificity, systemicity, and memory.
Antigen
Antigen
A molecule that triggers an immune response.
Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
An immune response that involves T cells attacking infected cells directly.
Antibody-mediated immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
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Antigen-presenting cell (APC)
Antigen-presenting cell (APC)
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MHC proteins
MHC proteins
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Cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
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Memory T cells
Memory T cells
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Innate Defenses
Innate Defenses
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Mechanical Protection
Mechanical Protection
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Chemical Protection
Chemical Protection
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Interferons
Interferons
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Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Fever
Fever
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Complement System
Complement System
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Phagocyte Mobilization
Phagocyte Mobilization
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Study Notes
Innate Defenses (Nonspecific Defenses)
- Inherited defenses attempt to stop all foreign invaders in the same way (nonspecific)
- Broken down into mechanical, chemical, and other categories
- Mechanical Protection:
- Epidermis
- Mucus
- Cilia/hair
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Saliva
- Urination/defecation
- Vomiting/diarrhea
- Chemical Protection:
- Lysozymes (destroy bacteria) found in perspiration, lacrimal fluid, sebum, and saliva
- Gastric juice, vaginal secretions, urine, bile, and pancreatic juice alter pH
- Interferons:
- Inhibit viral replication in cells
- Released from virus-infected cells and lymphocytes/macrophages
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells:
- Present in spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and blood
- Attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and tumor cells
- Phagocytosis:
- Neutrophils, macrophages (wandering and fixed)
- Steps: Leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis, adherence/opsonization, ingestion (phagosome), and phagolysosome formation
Inflammation
- Three stages:
- Increased vasodilation and permeability (causing warmth, redness, pain, and swelling)
- Phagocyte mobilization
- Tissue repair
- Chemicals involved include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
Fever
- Caused by pyrogens (chemicals that increase body temperature)
- Released from WBCs and bacteria
- Promotes sequestration of iron and zinc, aiding defense, and speeds up reaction time
Complement System
- Group of at least 20 plasma proteins
- Some activate inflammatory response; others destroy bacteria directly
Adaptive Immunity (Specific Defense)
- Three aspects:
- Antigen-specific
- Systemic
- Has memory
- Two types:
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Antibody-mediated immunity
Overview of Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Antigen penetrates and is broken down by an antigen presenting cell (APC)
- Antigen fragments merge with MHC proteins on APC's membrane
- Inactive T cells come into contact with APC, recognizing the altered MHC proteins and become active
- Active T cells divide and differentiate
- Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells) rupture antigen cell walls/membrane and/or secrete lymphotoxin
- Memory T cells recognize antigens directly
- Suppressor T cells suppress cytotoxic T cells
- Helper T cells (CD4 cells) produce ILs (e.g., IL-2 for T cell proliferation)
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
- Helper T cells activate B cells
- B cell division & differentiation leads to Memory B cells and Plasma cells
- Antibodies merge with antigen = antigen-antibody complex
- Antibody actions: neutralization, immobilization, attraction of phagocytes, facilitating phagocytosis, stimulating inflammation, inhibiting antigen metabolism
Antibody Structure
- Four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light (L) chains
- Five classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM with different locations and functions. IgG is the most abundant.
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