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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of surface membrane barriers in the immune system?
Which of the following is an example of an internal defense mechanism in the immune system?
What is the role of phagocytes in the immune system?
Which term refers to defense mechanisms that help prevent the entrance of pathogens or destroy them if they enter tissues?
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What is the difference between innate and adaptive defense systems in the immune system?
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Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies to combat infections?
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Which type of immunity involves B cells encountering antigens and producing antibodies against them?
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What is the fate of most clone cells in the process of clonal selection during immune response?
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Which antibody class is the most abundant and diverse in primary and secondary immune responses?
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What is the primary function of IgA antibody?
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Which type of immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another?
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What occurs during the secondary immune response?
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Which type of cells are primarily helper T cells?
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What is the main mechanism used against cellular antigens?
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Where are class II MHC proteins found?
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What do antibodies do to viruses or exotoxins in the neutralization process?
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Which type of antigens are always recognized by CD8 T cells?
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What is the function of C regions in antibodies?
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Which of the following is a key growth factor that encourages activated T cells to divide?
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Which type of T cells directly attack and kill virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign cells from transplants?
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Which type of T cells interact directly with B cells to stimulate antibody formation?
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Which type of cells release cytokines to suppress T and B cell activity?
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Which cytokines act as co-stimulators of T cells and T cell proliferation?
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Which condition can lead to immunodeficiency, resulting in severe weight loss, opportunistic infections, and other symptoms?
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Which type of cells are involved in the internal defenses of the innate immune system?
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What is the primary function of surface barriers in the innate immune system?
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Which of the following is a key mechanism of the innate immune response triggered by tissue injury?
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What is the role of antimicrobial proteins in the immune system's defenses?
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What is the primary function of fever as a response to invading microorganisms?
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Which type of immunity involves mounting attacks against specific foreign substances?
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T cells become tolerant to the antigen in the absence of co-stimulation.
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Interleukin 2 is primarily used therapeutically to suppress the body's defenses against cancer.
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Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and kill virus-infected cells, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign cells from blood transfusions or transplants.
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Suppressor T cells and gamma delta T cells have specific regulatory and triggering functions in the immune system.
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Macrophages produce B7 proteins during nonspecific defenses, which bind with the CD28 receptor on T cells to provide a crucial co-stimulatory signal.
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Helper T cells play a central role in the immune response by stimulating proliferation of other T cells and B cells, and activating B cells to begin antibody formation.
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Cytokines, such as perforin, lymphotoxin, and gamma interferon, only regulate immune responses and do not amplify them.
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Without co-stimulation, T cells are able to divide and secrete cytokines.
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Interleukin 1 and 2 are essential for T cell activation and proliferation.
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Activated T cells enlarge, proliferate, differentiate, and perform functions according to their T cell class.
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Macrophages produce B7 proteins during nonspecific defenses, which bind with the CD28 receptor on T cells to provide a crucial co-stimulatory signal.
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Interleukin 2 is a key growth factor that encourages activated T cells to divide and is used therapeutically to enhance the body’s defenses against cancer.
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Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) directly attack and kill virus-infected cells, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign cells from blood transfusions or transplants.
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Helper T cells (TH) play a central role in the immune response by stimulating proliferation of other T cells and B cells, and activating B cells to begin antibody formation.
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Without co-stimulation, T cells become tolerant to the antigen, are unable to divide, and do not secrete cytokines.
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Other T cells, such as suppressor T cells (TS) and gamma delta T cells (Tgd), have specific regulatory and triggering functions in the immune system.
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Interleukin 2 is a key growth factor that encourages activated T cells to divide and is used therapeutically to enhance the body’s defenses against cancer.
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Various cytokines, such as perforin, lymphotoxin, and gamma interferon, amplify and regulate immune and nonspecific responses.
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T cell activation requires recognition of co-stimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
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Cytokines, including interleukin 1 and 2, are mediators involved in cellular immunity and T cell proliferation.
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Study Notes
Immune System Defenses Overview
- The immune system has two main defense systems: innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defenses
- Innate defenses include surface barriers (skin, mucous membranes) and internal defenses (phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response)
- Surface barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions are the first line of defense, providing mechanical and chemical barriers against microorganisms
- Internal defenses involve cells like phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils) and natural killer cells that protect the body using nonspecific cellular and chemical mechanisms
- Inflammation is a key mechanism of the innate immune response, triggered by tissue injury to prevent the spread of damaging agents and dispose of pathogens and cell debris
- Inflammatory response involves the release of inflammatory chemicals, leading to signs like redness, heat, swelling, and pain
- Inflammation also involves leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis, followed by the release of antimicrobial proteins like interferon and complement
- Antimicrobial proteins attack microorganisms directly and hinder their ability to reproduce, with interferon activating antiviral proteins and complement amplifying the inflammatory response
- Fever is a response to invading microorganisms, with high fevers being dangerous and moderate fever aiding in tissue repair and speeding up the metabolic rate
- The immune system's adaptive defenses involve humoral and cellular immunity, mounting attacks against specific foreign substances and working in conjunction with the innate system
- The immune system's defenses play a crucial role in protecting the body from infections and maintaining overall health
- The text also includes an assignment to find an autoimmune disease as part of a learning activity.
T Cell Activation and Function: Key Points
- T cell activation requires recognition of co-stimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- Macrophages produce B7 proteins during nonspecific defenses, which bind with the CD28 receptor on T cells to provide a crucial co-stimulatory signal.
- Co-stimulatory signals, including cytokines and interleukin 1 and 2, are essential for T cell activation and proliferation.
- Without co-stimulation, T cells become tolerant to the antigen, are unable to divide, and do not secrete cytokines.
- Activated T cells enlarge, proliferate, differentiate, and perform functions according to their T cell class.
- Cytokines, including interleukin 1 and 2, are mediators involved in cellular immunity and T cell proliferation.
- Interleukin 2 is a key growth factor that encourages activated T cells to divide and is used therapeutically to enhance the body’s defenses against cancer.
- Various cytokines, such as perforin, lymphotoxin, and gamma interferon, amplify and regulate immune and nonspecific responses.
- Helper T cells (TH) play a central role in the immune response by stimulating proliferation of other T cells and B cells, and activating B cells to begin antibody formation.
- Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) directly attack and kill virus-infected cells, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign cells from blood transfusions or transplants.
- Mechanisms of Tc action include binding to target cells and releasing perforin, lymphotoxin, and gamma interferon to induce cell lysis and death.
- Other T cells, such as suppressor T cells (TS) and gamma delta T cells (Tgd), have specific regulatory and triggering functions in the immune system.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the immune system's defenses with this overview quiz. Explore the innate and adaptive defense systems, including surface barriers, inflammatory response, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and antimicrobial proteins. Understand the role of fever and the immune system's crucial function in protecting the body from infections.
