Innate Immunity & Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What best describes the function of physical barriers in innate immunity?

  • They provide the first line of defense against pathogens. (correct)
  • They neutralize toxins produced by pathogens.
  • They recruit adaptive immune cells to infection sites.
  • They actively destroy pathogens.

Which of the following is NOT considered a chemical/organismal barrier in innate immunity?

  • Ciliated epithelial cells (correct)
  • Stomach acid
  • Tears
  • Commensal bacteria

Which statement about pathogens is correct?

  • Pathogens can only be cellular organisms.
  • The host is only limited to animals and humans.
  • All pathogens cause disease in their host.
  • Pathogens can be cellular or acellular and may not always cause disease. (correct)

Which component is part of the innate immune system's response to pathogens?

<p>Antimicrobial peptides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of commensal bacteria in innate immunity?

<p>They create an inhospitable environment for pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily involved in the innate immune response?

<p>Natural killer cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the innate immune system primarily respond to pathogens?

<p>Via non-specific responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) used for?

<p>To recognize components of pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune cells?

<p>Highly specific. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?

<p>Filter pathogens from lymph. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are derived from the myeloid lineage?

<p>Neutrophils. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the timing of the innate immune response?

<p>It occurs within minutes to hours of pathogenic recognition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of macrophages in the immune system?

<p>Engulfing and destroying pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of PRRs is NOT mentioned as being strategically localized within cells?

<p>Hedgehog signaling receptors (HhRs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the interaction of PAMPs with PRRs in innate immune cells?

<p>Activation of downstream signaling events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sterile inflammation occurs in the absence of which of the following?

<p>Pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following recognizes Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?

<p>They include cellular components like ATP and heat-shock proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a downstream effect of PAMP-PRR interaction in innate immune cells?

<p>Recruitment of adaptive immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell undergoing necrosis as opposed to apoptosis?

<p>It ruptures and expels its contents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following PRRs is primarily responsible for recognizing nucleic acids of pathogens?

<p>RIG-1 like receptors (RLRs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which innate immune cells eliminate pathogens?

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type plays a crucial role in recognizing PAMPs and initiating phagocytosis?

<p>Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of opsonins in phagocytosis?

<p>To enhance the ability of phagocytes to adhere to pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms when lysosomes fuse with a phagosome to digest a pathogen?

<p>Phagolysosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are considered professional phagocytes?

<p>Neutrophils and Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of phagocytosis in the immune response?

<p>It helps to eliminate debris and pathogens, and activates adaptive immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the actin-myosin contractile system contribute to phagocytosis?

<p>It drives the physical encapsulation of pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are usually not exposed to immune cells under normal conditions?

<p>Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Innate Immunity

The body's first line of defense against pathogens.

Physical Barriers (Innate Immunity)

Physical structures that prevent pathogens from entering the body, e.g., skin, mucous membranes, cilia.

Chemical/Biological Barriers

Substances and organisms that inhibit pathogen growth, e.g., stomach acid, antimicrobial peptides, commensal bacteria.

Pathogen

An organism capable of causing disease.

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First-line defense

The initial and most immediate response against pathogens, including physical and chemical barriers.

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Lymphatic System

A network of vessels carrying lymph, unlike the closed cardiovascular system. It concentrates lymphocytes in nodes and tissues (spleen, thymus, etc.) to intercept microbes.

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Lymphocytes

Immune cells concentrated in lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues, playing a crucial role in the immune system.

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Innate Immune Response

A rapid, non-specific immune response triggered within minutes/hours of encountering a pathogen. It doesn't improve with subsequent exposures.

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Innate Immune Cells

Cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, derived from the myeloid lineage, respond quickly to pathogens.

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Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Receptors on innate immune cells that recognize specific components of pathogens.

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Macrophages

Phagocytic cells found in tissues, part of the innate immune system.

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Neutrophils

A type of granulocyte, phagocytic immune cell that acts quickly against pathogens or injuries.

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Lymphoid origin

The lineage of T cells and B cells in the immune system.

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PRRs: What are they?

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are proteins on immune cells that detect specific molecular patterns on pathogens.

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Types of PRRs

There are four main types: Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), NOD-like Receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and RIG-1 like receptors (RLRs).

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PAMPs: What are they?

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are molecules found on pathogens that are unique to microbes and not present in our own cells.

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How PRRs work

PRRs recognize PAMPs on pathogens, triggering a chain of events that activate the immune response.

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What does the immune response do?

The immune response triggered by PRRs can lead to inflammation, recruiting immune cells to the site of infection, and ultimately destroying the pathogen.

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DAMPs: What are they?

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are molecules released by damaged cells, signaling the immune system of tissue injury.

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Sterile Inflammation

Inflammation that occurs in the absence of pathogens, often triggered by DAMPs in response to tissue damage.

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Examples of DAMPs

Examples of DAMPs include DNA, mtDNA, ATP, ADP, actin, amyloid-beta, heat-shock proteins, histones, etc.

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DAMPs

Damage-associated molecular patterns are released from damaged or stressed cells. They signal the immune system about tissue injury.

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PAMPs

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are molecules unique to pathogens and recognized by immune cells.

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PRRs

Pattern recognition receptors are molecules on immune cells that detect PAMPs and DAMPs, triggering an immune response.

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What triggers phagocytosis?

Phagocytosis is initiated by the interaction of a PRR on an immune cell with a PAMP or DAMP. This triggers the cell to engulf the pathogen or cellular debris.

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Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is a process where immune cells engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens.

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Phagosome

The phagosome is a vesicle formed when an immune cell engulfs a pathogen or debris during phagocytosis.

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Phagolysosome

A phagolysosome is formed when a lysosome fuses with a phagosome, delivering digestive enzymes to break down the engulfed material.

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Opsonization

Opsonization is the process of coating a pathogen with molecules like antibodies or complement proteins, making it easier for phagocytes to engulf it.

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Study Notes

Innate Immunity & Inflammation

  • Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens.
  • Inflammation is a response to tissue damage or infection.
  • Pathogens are organisms that cause disease in a host. These can be cellular or non-cellular. Examples include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and prions.
  • Barriers within the body include physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, cilia), and chemical/biological barriers (sweat, saliva, enzymes, antimicrobial peptides).
  • Lymphatic system is crucial for transporting lymph and concentrating lymphocytes. It includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissues.
  • Immune cells are strategically located in lymphoid tissues to intercept and destroy invaders.
  • Cells involved in the innate immune response are often phagocytic and derived from the myeloid lineage. These include monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, mast cells, granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils). Some T cells also possess innate-like properties.
  • Cells of the innate immune system respond quickly (within minutes-hours). These responses are non-specific and don't generate memory.
  • Cells use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on invading microbes. These receptors initiate pathways for cell activation, and elimination of the pathogen. Examples of PRRs include TLRs, NLRs, RLRs, and CLRs.
  • Phagocytosis is a critical mechanism innate immune cells use to eliminate pathogens. This involves a number of steps. Once a pathogen or debris is recognized by a PAMP-PRR interaction, the pathogen is phagocytosed and destroyed through the action of digestive enzymes in the phagolysosomes.
  • Sterile inflammation occurs when innate immune responses are triggered in the absence of infection. In these cases, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) signal inflammation. Examples of DAMPs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP released due to cell damage.

Learning Objectives

  • Describe characteristics of innate immunity.
  • Describe natural barriers that inhibit infections.
  • Describe cellular mechanisms in innate immunity.
  • Describe inflammation and inflammatory mediators.

Lymphocytes & Lymphoid Tissues

  •  These include lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
  • Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell responsible for adaptive immunity.
  • These cells mature in the bone marrow and thymus

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of innate immunity and the inflammatory response in this quiz. Learn about the body's first line of defense against pathogens, the various immune cells involved, and the role of the lymphatic system. Test your knowledge of key terms and processes that protect the body from disease.

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