Immunology Quiz: Adaptive and Innate Cells
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary process for generating immune cells called?

  • Hematopoiesis (correct)
  • Apoptosis
  • Neurogenesis
  • Immunosuppression

    • Which of the following cells is primarily involved in adaptive immunity?

  • Basophils
  • T-cells (correct)
  • Natural Killer cells
  • Neutrophils

    • What type of cell is responsible for phagocytosing pathogens?

  • T-cells
  • Monocytes (correct)
  • Basophils
  • B-cells

    • Which type of immune cell is known for producing antibodies?

    <p>B-cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells play a significant role in both innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>Macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Dendritic cells from other immune cells?

    <p>They initiate the immune response by processing antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Natural Killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>To hunt for and destroy virally infected or tumor cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells could be involved in an allergic reaction?

    <p>Mast cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of plasma cells?

    <p>To produce and secrete a single antibody type (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of B cell activation occur?

    <p>In the lymph nodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of T cell is involved in the direct killing of tumor cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+ T cells) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of T helper (TH) cells?

    <p>To mediate immune response through cytokine secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to activated B cells after their activation?

    <p>They migrate around the body and change into plasma cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do memory B cells primarily remain after stimulation?

    <p>In the lymph nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cell is known for its role in down-regulating immune responses?

    <p>Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers B cells to multiply and become active?

    <p>Binding of antigens through their receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dendritic cells?

    <p>Antigen presenting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are dendritic cells primarily located?

    <p>Lymphoid organs and bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune cell is most abundant in the bloodstream?

    <p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do basophils and eosinophils play in the immune response?

    <p>Defending against parasites and allergic reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are normally the first to arrive at the site of inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do dendritic cells capture and process in lymphoid organs?

    <p>Antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do neutrophils migrate towards the site of infection?

    <p>Acute phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is more efficient as an antigen-presenting cell than macrophages?

    <p>Dendritic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IL-4 in the immune system?

    <p>Stimulates B progenitors and mast cell progenitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does B cell maturation take place in humans?

    <p>Bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood cells do GM-CSF induce the formation of?

    <p>Nonlymphoid blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interleukin stimulates the production of eosinophil progenitors?

    <p>IL-5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major function do B cells serve in the immune response?

    <p>Antibody production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interleukin is responsible for inducing the differentiation of lymphoid progenitor cells into B and T progenitors?

    <p>IL-7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the innate immune response?

    <p>To provide immediate defense against pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies produced by B cells?

    <p>Signal other immune cells to act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for antigen presentation in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Macrophages and dendritic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interleukin stimulates the neutrophil progenitor?

    <p>IL-8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of failed apoptosis during hematopoiesis?

    <p>Potential development of leukemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of embryonic development does hematopoiesis begin in humans?

    <p>In the yolk sac within the first weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do stem cells play in hematopoiesis?

    <p>They represent a population of self-renewing cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average production of blood cells in humans per day?

    <p>3.7 hundred billion cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for taking on a wide range of pathogens in the immune system?

    <p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does hematopoiesis shift from the fetal liver and spleen to becoming the major organ in adults?

    <p>Between 3-7 months of gestation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>To directly kill tumors and virus-infected cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of leukocytes in the human body do monocytes comprise?

    <p>2% to 10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role is NOT associated with macrophages?

    <p>Producing antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do monocytes differentiate into after entering major organs?

    <p>Macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed during the ingestion of a pathogen by a macrophage?

    <p>Phagosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the increase in phagocytosis by macrophages?

    <p>Stimulation by cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the process of phagocytosis by macrophages?

    <p>Expulsion or assimilation of waste material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do macrophages ingest that triggers the immune response?

    <p>Pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunology

    • Subject: Zoology
    • Paper: 10 Immunology
    • Module: 05 Phylogeny and Ontogeny of immune system: Cells of immune system
    • Development Team:
      • Principal Investigator: Prof. Neeta Sehgal, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi
      • Co-Principal Investigator: Prof. D.K. Singh, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi
      • Paper Coordinator: Prof. Anju Shrivastava, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi
      • Content Writer: Dr. Ravi Toteja, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi
      • Content Reviewer: Prof. Sukhmahendra Singh, Banaras Hindu University

    Learning Objectives

    • Processes of generation of immune cells
    • Various types of cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity
    • Functions of various cell types in generation of immune response

    Introduction

    • Immune response to pathogens is coordinated by complex interactions between numerous cell types.
    • Innate immune response is the first line of defense, occurring quickly after pathogen exposure.
    • Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), natural killer (NK) cells, and granulocytes are involved in innate immunity.
    • Adaptive immunity develops over days through antigen-specific mechanisms.
    • Antigen-presenting cells (including macrophages and dendritic cells), T cells, and B cells are crucial components of adaptive immunity.

    Hematopoiesis

    • Hematopoiesis is the formation and development of blood cells.
    • It's a continuous process throughout adulthood.
    • The human body produces approximately 3.7 x 10¹¹ blood cells per day.
    • Hematopoiesis is regulated by complex mechanisms, including cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
    • Problems with apoptosis can lead to leukemia.

    Immune System Cells

    • B-cells: Account for 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes. They mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies targeting specific antigens for pathogen elimination. A B-cell becomes a plasma cell that releases antibodies into the blood, providing immunity.
    • T-cells: Lymphocytes subdivided into helper T cells (CD4⁺) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺). Helper T cells regulate responses, while cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected or cancerous cells.
    • Natural Killer (NK) cells: Similar to cytotoxic T cells, NK cells directly kill tumor and virus-infected cells without prior antigen recognition.
    • Monocytes: The largest type of white blood cell. They differentiate into macrophages, influencing both innate and adaptive immunity.
    • Macrophages: Function in phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying pathogens) and act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), initiating adaptive immune responses.
    • Dendritic cells: Efficient antigen-presenting cells, found in lymphoid organs, processing and presenting antigens, initiating immunological responses.
    • Neutrophils: Most abundant phagocytes, crucial during inflammation, migrating to infection sites and engulfing pathogens.
    • Basophils and eosinophils: Involved in defense against parasites and allergic reactions.
    • Mast cells: Found in connective tissue and mucous membranes, involved in inflammatory response, often linked to allergies and anaphylaxis.

    Phagocytosis

    • Phagocytes ingest pathogens via phagocytosis.
    • Fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes creates phagolysosomes, where pathogens are broken down.
    • Waste products are expelled.

    Dendritic Cells

    • Important antigen-presenting cells.
    • Play a crucial role in initiating immune responses.

    Neutrophils

    • Most abundant phagocyte.
    • Critical during inflammatory responses.
    • Usually the first cells to arrive at infection sites.

    Basophils and Eosinophils

    • Involved in defense against parasites.
    • Play a role in allergic reactions (like asthma).

    Mast Cells

    • Found in connective tissues and mucous membranes.
    • Involved in inflammatory responses.
    • Often associated with allergies and anaphylaxis

    Summary

    • Adaptive and innate immune responses rely on diverse cell types.
    • Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, crucial for immune cell production.
    • Various mechanisms exist to combat pathogens, like phagocytosis and antigen presentation, which involve specialized immune cells.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the immune system with this quiz focused on adaptive and innate immune cells. Explore the roles of various immune cells, their functions, and interactions in the immune response. Ideal for students of immunology and biology.

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