Immunology Quiz: Adaptive and Innate Cells

The process of generating different blood cells, including immune cells, from stem cells in the bone marrow.

A type of white blood cell responsible for adaptive immunity. They mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies to fight specific pathogens.

A type of white blood cell responsible for adaptive immunity. They mature in the thymus and directly attack infected cells or destroy infected cells.

A type of white blood cell that plays a central role in innate immunity by identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells without prior exposure to the pathogen.

A type of white blood cell produced in the bone marrow that migrate to tissues and differentiate into macrophages.

A type of large phagocytic cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign particles. They play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity.

A type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that captures and presents foreign antigens to other immune cells, triggering adaptive immune responses. They are key players in both innate and adaptive immunity.

The most abundant type of white blood cell in the blood. They quickly migrate to sites of infection and engulf and destroy bacteria and other pathogens. They are a key part of the innate immune response.

A type of white blood cell that develops into plasma cells that produce antibodies.

Refers to the process by which stem cells differentiate into various blood cell types, including immune cells.

A type of immune cell that matures in the thymus and directly attacks infected cells or triggers their destruction.

A group of proteins produced by B-cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens.

Any molecule that triggers an immune response, like a virus or bacteria.

A type of white blood cell that directly destroys infected or cancerous cells without prior training.

A type of white blood cell that matures into macrophages in tissues.

A type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign particles.

The innate immune response is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It's quick, non-specific, and involves cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells.

The adaptive immune response is a more targeted defense mechanism that takes time to develop. It involves specific recognition of pathogens and uses cells like T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells.

The immune system has a limited number of cells that can recognize each specific pathogen. When those cells encounter their matching pathogen, they multiply rapidly to fight it off.

Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac during early embryonic development. During the third month of gestation, it shifts to the fetal liver and spleen. Finally, the bone marrow becomes the primary site for hematopoiesis.

Stem cells are pluripotent, which means they can differentiate into various blood cell types. They self-renew, ensuring a continuous supply of blood cells throughout life.

Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a critical process for regulating cell numbers during hematopoiesis. Failure of apoptosis can lead to leukemia.

Hematopoiesis is a continuous process that balances cell division and differentiation with apoptosis. This ensures a constant supply of healthy blood cells.

B cells that are responsible for the production and secretion of a single antibody type. They are the key to long-term immunity as they continuously produce antibodies.

These B cells are formed after stimulating a B cell with an antigen. They reside in lymph nodes and are ready to launch a faster and stronger immune response if the same antigen is encountered again.

T helper cells, also known as CD4+ T cells, are critical for immune response coordination. They stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and activate cytotoxic T cells.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or CD8+ T cells are the 'killers' of the immune system. They directly destroy infected or cancerous cells by releasing toxic substances.

These cells are found throughout the body, particularly in lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen. They are crucial for controlling and regulating immune responses.

The process where a B cell is activated, begins to multiply, and eventually becomes a plasma cell.

They engulf and present foreign substances (antigens) to B and T cells. This is crucial for triggering adaptive immunity.

They are key players in the adaptive immune response by activating B cells to produce antibodies and cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells.

Dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that capture and process antigens, initiating immune responses. They are found in lymphoid organs, blood, and tissues.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocytes, engulfing and destroying bacteria and other pathogens. They are the 'first responders' at infection sites.

Basophils and eosinophils release chemicals that defend against parasites and play a role in allergic reactions. They are related to neutrophils.

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) are immune cells that capture and process antigens and present them to other immune cells, initiating adaptive immune responses.

Phagocytosis is a process where certain immune cells engulf and destroy foreign particles, including pathogens. It's one of the primary defenses against infection.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte similar to cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) They directly kill infected or cancerous cells, but unlike CD8+ T cells, they don't need to recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules.

Monocytes are large white blood cells that differentiate into macrophages. They compose 2%-10% of all leukocytes, and they circulate throughout the body, entering organs like the liver and pancreas. They are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Macrophages, large phagocytic cells, are crucial players in both innate and adaptive immunity. They engulf and destroy pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign particles. They can act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by presenting ingested antigens to T cells and B cells, initiating immune responses.

Phagocytosis is a process where macrophages engulf and engulf pathogens or cellular debris. It occurs in several steps, including the formation of a phagosome, fusion with lysosomes, and finally, digestion and expelling waste.

Lysosomes are organelles containing digestive enzymes. In phagocytosis, they fuse with the phagosome, creating a phagolysosome where the enzymes break down the engulfed material.

A phagosome is a membrane-bound vesicle that forms around a pathogen or debris when a macrophage engulfs it during phagocytosis.

Waste material from the digested pathogen is expelled or assimilated by the macrophage after the phagocytosis process is complete.