Inimputabilidad y Minoría en Derecho Penal

Inimputabilidad

• Definition: Absolute impossibility for an individual to control their mental activity due to psychological imbalances.
• Timing: Conditions for inimputability must be present at the time of the action.
• Mitigation: Imputability can be present, but responsibility/punishment may be reduced.
• Intoxication: Voluntary intoxication can reduce culpability but not eliminate responsibility for reckless or negligent actions.

Minority

• Rule: Generally, persons under 18 are not criminally liable for crimes.
• Exceptions: Special laws for minors.
• Types of offenses: Juveniles commit offenses categorized as "faults" in the Juvenile Court system.
• Transfer to adult court: For serious offenses committed between ages 14 and 18, the Juvenile Court can transfer the case to adult court, based on specific criteria (nature of the offense, severity, prior conduct, community well-being).

Mental Incapacity

• Definition: Inability to understand the criminal nature of an action or conform to legal rules due to mental illness or defect.
• Proof: The accused must prove alleged incapacity.
• Exclusions: Includes only true mental incapacity and not persistent criminal/antisocial behavior.
• Procedure: Notification to the court with appropriate timeframes.
• Presumption of Sanity: Presumption that everyone is assumed to be of sound mind until the contrary is proved. The burden of proof of incapacity rests on the accused.
• Exceptions: Does not eliminate criminal responsibility if the incapacity was self-induced, or part of a deliberate plan.

Voluntary Intoxication

• Non-mitigating factor: Generally does not constitute a valid defense or basis for reducing criminal responsibility.
• Exception: Voluntary intoxication may be relevant if it negates the required mental state of the crime (e.g., the intent to commit the crime).
• Premeditated intoxication: If someone becomes intoxicated with the specific intent to commit a crime, they can be held liable for the resulting crime.

Legitimate Defense

• Conditions: For a person to claim the defense, they must have a reasonable belief of imminent danger to self or the rights of others.
• Proportionality: The degree of force used in self-defense must be proportionate to the threat.
• Provocation: If the accused provoked the aggressor, then legitimate defense may not be an available option.

Other Defenses

• Duress: A valid defense if the accused acted in response to a threat of grave harm from another.
• Mistake of Law/Fact: If the mistake is of a nature that reasonably negates the necessary mental state to commit the alleged crime.

These are some of the main topics in the provided documents. There are many more specific details, but these should provide a useful framework for study.