Inherited Cancer and Genetic Mutations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

The second type of mutation associated with cancer is referred to as ___ and is inherited.

False (B)

Tamoxifen is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and endometrial cancer.

True (A)

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are considered oncogenes that are recessive.

False (B)

The management for patients with TP53 mutations includes genetic counselling and annual mammography.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SPIKES model emphasizes the importance of empathy only after sharing the diagnosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inherited cancer is confirmed through clinical symptoms alone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early age at diagnosis is a feature suggestive of hereditary cancer.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prophylactic treatment for breast cancer includes the use of antibiotics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

HNPCC can be suspected in patients with at least 2 affected relatives from 1 successive generation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

FAP prophylactic surgery depends on polyp size, but not on number or dysplasia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the STK11 gene.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with persistent dyspepsia over the age of 55 should receive a non-urgent endoscopy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urgent CT of the pancreas is indicated for patients over 50 with weight loss and abdominal pain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positive faecal occult blood test in a patient over 40 years is a clinical feature prompting urgent referral for lower GI cancer.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clubbing is listed as a clinical feature for urgent CXR in patients over 50 years.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemotherapy is the only treatment that utilizes a systemic approach.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adjuvant chemotherapy is administered before surgical procedures to reduce tumor size.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkylating agents operate by interrupting the unwinding of DNA.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Combination chemotherapy is less effective than single-agent chemotherapy due to increased toxicity risks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monoclonal antibodies enhance host immunity by specifically targeting antigens on tumors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Palliative chemotherapy aims solely to cure cancer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vinca alkaloids and taxanes are classified as antimetabolites.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interference with cell metabolism during DNA and protein synthesis is the primary mechanism of antimetabolites.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The TNM staging system includes components for measurement of primary tumour, lymph node involvement, and distance of metastasis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monoclonal antibodies are used to enhance the effects of radiation therapy exclusively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An urgent MRI is warranted for patients presenting with sudden loss of limb function.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Duke’s classification is a staging system specifically used for breast cancer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of cytotoxic drugs in cancer treatment is defined as chemotherapy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Weight loss, anorexia, and DVT are classified as specific signs of cancer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The radioactive tracer FDG used in PET-CT scans highlights areas of decreased metabolism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common outcome of the TNM staging system is to classify cancers into a simpler overall disease stage ranging from 0 to IV.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alopecia can be managed with a cold cap and a wig.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extravasation of chemotherapy presents only with redness and no pain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dry warm compresses are used for DNA-binding drugs to increase drug distribution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinical trials may result in less effective treatment as a disadvantage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beau’s lines signify uninterrupted nail keratin synthesis due to medication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Premature ovarian failure can lead to sterility as a side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semen cryopreservation is a fertility preservation technique recommended for women prior to chemotherapy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Palliative radiotherapy aims to provide curative treatment for cancer cases.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each Beau's line corresponds to a cycle of chemotherapy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erythema and moist desquamation are common skin reactions associated with radiotherapy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The early reactions of radiotherapy typically manifest two weeks after treatment begins.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The management of mucositis during radiotherapy includes dental check-ups prior to therapy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydration and high-fiber diets are recommended for managing diarrhea caused by radiotherapy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary cancers are classified as late reactions of radiotherapy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bronchodilators and steroids are utilized to manage dry cough associated with pneumonitis in radiotherapy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients undergoing radiotherapy are advised to rest extensively to combat tiredness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

When is HNPCC Suspected?

At least 3 affected relatives from 2 successive generations, including one 1st degree relative and one 12 years old, Prophylactic surgery above 25 years.

Factors Influencing Prophylactic Surgery in FAP

Number, size, and presence of dysplasia in polyps.

How does Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome Occur?

Germline mutations in STK11, a tumor suppressor gene.

Clinical Manifestation of Peutz-Jeghers

Hamartomatous polyps with increased risk of colorectal, gastrointestinal, and breast cancers.

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Genes Predisposing to Prostate Cancer

BRCA1, BRCA2, Mismatch repair genes, and HOXB13.

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Lung Cancer Features Requiring Admission

Symptomatic superior vena cava syndrome (SVCO) or stridor.

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Lung Cancer Features Requiring Urgent Referral

Haemoptysis in patients over 40 years old or a chest X-ray suggestive of cancer.

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Lung Cancer Features Requiring Urgent Chest X-Ray

Persistent or recurrent lower respiratory tract infection, clubbing, supraclavicular or cervical lymphadenopathy, thrombocytosis, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, weight loss, low appetite, smoker, or asbestos exposure in patients over 40 years old.

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Breaking bad news sequence

Involves delivering bad news in a structured and sensitive way. It includes establishing a supportive environment, gauging the patient's understanding, offering a warning before delivering the news, checking their preferred level of information, sharing the diagnosis and treatment options in manageable chunks, and ensuring understanding at each step.

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Sharing information about diagnosis and treatment

The process of sharing a diagnosis and treatment plan with a patient in a clear, concise, and understandable way, ensuring the information is broken down into manageable portions and confirming comprehension at each stage.

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SPIKES model

A structured model for delivering bad news. This model helps healthcare professionals navigate a sensitive conversation while considering the patient's emotional needs.

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Types of mutations

Alterations in the DNA sequence that can be inherited from parents or acquired throughout life.

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The role of mutations in cancer

Genetic alterations in cancer development can lead to increased activity of oncogenes or decreased function of tumor suppressor genes.

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Features suggestive of hereditary cancer

Signs that suggest a cancer may be inherited. These include early age onset, unusual presentations, multiplicity of cancers, family history, rare cancer types, and ethnicity.

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Genetic testing for inherited cancer

The process of analyzing an individual's DNA to identify specific gene mutations. This helps confirm the suspicion of inherited cancer.

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BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations

Genes that are commonly linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. They function as tumor suppressor genes and their mutated form is dominant.

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TNM staging system

A system used to classify tumors based on the extent of primary tumor (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).

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Chemotherapy

The use of cytotoxic drugs to kill cancer cells.

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PET component of PET-CT

A radioactive tracer (like FDG) injected into the body. Areas with increased metabolism, like cancer cells, light up on the scan.

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Monoclonal antibodies

Antibodies specifically designed to bind to certain cancer cells, often with a radioactive tag.

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Bone scintigraphy

A medical imaging technique that detects abnormal metabolic activity in bones, which can indicate cancer.

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3 non-specific signs of cancer

Weight loss, loss of appetite (anorexia), and blood clots (DVT) are common, yet non-specific signs that can be present in various diseases, including cancer.

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Multidisciplinary team (MDT) for cancer care

A group of specialists working together to care for cancer patients.

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Why is staging of tumors important?

Staging helps determine the extent of the tumor, guide treatment options, predict prognosis, and identify appropriate clinical trials.

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Why are chemotherapy cycles repeated?

Chemotherapy is administered in cycles to allow normal tissues to recover from the toxic effects of the drugs, enabling them to regain their ability to function.

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Why is combination chemotherapy preferred?

Combination chemotherapy is preferred due to a lower chance of drug resistance development by tumor cells. Using multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action also reduces toxicity and improves overall effectiveness.

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What are the ideal properties of chemotherapeutic agents in combination?

The ideal properties of chemotherapeutic agents used in combination include cytotoxic activity towards the tumor, distinct mechanisms of action for additive or synergistic effects, varied toxicity pathways, and non-overlapping toxicities.

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What is adjuvant chemotherapy?

Adjuvant chemotherapy is given after the initial treatment, such as surgical resection, to reduce the risk of tumor recurrence.

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What is neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used to shrink the tumor before the main treatment, such as surgery or radiotherapy.

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What is the aim of palliative chemotherapy?

Palliative chemotherapy aims to manage symptoms and improve quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. It may also extend survival.

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How do alkylating agents work?

Alkylating agents damage DNA by binding to alkyl groups, ultimately triggering cell death.

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How do monoclonal antibodies work?

Monoclonal antibodies can target specific tumor antigens, either slowing tumor growth by enhancing the immune system or delivering chemotherapy or radioactive isotopes directly to the tumor.

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What are the main cells affected by chemotherapy side effects?

Chemotherapy drugs target rapidly dividing cells, leading to side effects in tissues with high cell turnover rates like the gut, hair follicles, and bone marrow.

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What are some common side effects of chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy drugs can cause

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What is extravasation?

The accidental leakage of chemotherapy drugs from the vein into surrounding tissues.

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How do we manage extravasation of chemotherapy?

Dry cold compresses are used for DNA-binding chemotherapy drugs like anthracyclines, alkylating agents, and antitumor antibiotics while dry warm compresses are used for non-DNA-binding drugs like vinca alkaloids and taxanes.

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What is radiotherapy?

Radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation beams to destroy cancer cells.

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How can radiotherapy affect fertility?

Radiotherapy can interfere with germ cell production, leading to reduced fertility.

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What fertility preservation techniques are available before chemotherapy?

Semen cryopreservation in men and cryopreservation of embryos, oocytes, or ovarian tissue in women are fertility preservation techniques offered before chemotherapy.

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What are Beau's lines?

The horizontal depressions in the nail plate are caused by a sudden interruption of nail keratin synthesis, potentially due to infections, trauma, systemic illness, or medications.

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Radical Radiotherapy

Using high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and potentially cure the disease.

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Palliative Radiotherapy

Using lower doses of radiation to manage symptoms and improve quality of life, but not aiming to cure the cancer.

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Early Radiotherapy Reactions

Early side effects of radiotherapy occur within the first two weeks of treatment.

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What are the early reactions to radiotherapy?

Tiredness, skin reactions, mucositis (mouth sores), nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and inflammation of the bladder (cystitis) are common early side effects.

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Late Radiotherapy Reactions

Late side effects of radiotherapy can occur months or even years after treatment.

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What categories of problems can be late side effects?

CNS and PNS problems, lung problems, GI problems, GU problems, endocrine problems, and secondary cancers can occur as late side effects.

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How to manage tiredness from radiotherapy?

Maintaining activity is recommended to combat tiredness during radiotherapy.

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What are some common skin reactions after radiotherapy?

Erythema (redness), dry desquamation (dry peeling), moist desquamation (wet peeling), and ulceration are common skin reactions to radiotherapy.

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Study Notes

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Description

Test your knowledge on inherited cancer types, genetic mutations, and their management. This quiz covers key concepts such as BRCA genes, the SPIKES model, and hereditary cancer syndromes. Understand the implications of genetic counseling and the clinical features associated with various cancers.

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