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Questions and Answers
What is a primary effect of Xanthines on chronic asthma or COPD?
What is a primary effect of Xanthines on chronic asthma or COPD?
At what blood level of theophylline does the risk of serious side effects begin to increase significantly?
At what blood level of theophylline does the risk of serious side effects begin to increase significantly?
Which of the following is NOT a known side effect of high theophylline levels?
Which of the following is NOT a known side effect of high theophylline levels?
What mechanism do Xanthines utilize to exert their physiological effects?
What mechanism do Xanthines utilize to exert their physiological effects?
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Which serious condition can arise from theophylline toxicity?
Which serious condition can arise from theophylline toxicity?
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What is the relationship between theophylline and caffeine?
What is the relationship between theophylline and caffeine?
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Which symptom is likely associated with levels of theophylline exceeding the therapeutic range?
Which symptom is likely associated with levels of theophylline exceeding the therapeutic range?
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Which factor might contribute to increasing theophylline's toxicity risk?
Which factor might contribute to increasing theophylline's toxicity risk?
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Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect resulting from elevated cAMP levels?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect resulting from elevated cAMP levels?
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What is the main outcome of bronchodilation as induced by Xanthines?
What is the main outcome of bronchodilation as induced by Xanthines?
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What is the mechanism of action of opioids in cough suppression?
What is the mechanism of action of opioids in cough suppression?
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Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with opioid use for cough suppression?
Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with opioid use for cough suppression?
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What is the primary benefit of using expectorants in cough treatment?
What is the primary benefit of using expectorants in cough treatment?
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Which of the following correctly describes a potential side effect of using dextromethorphan?
Which of the following correctly describes a potential side effect of using dextromethorphan?
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What distinguishes codeine from dextromethorphan when used for cough treatment?
What distinguishes codeine from dextromethorphan when used for cough treatment?
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Which of the following statements about the effects of expectorants is true?
Which of the following statements about the effects of expectorants is true?
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What is the primary action of inhaled anticholinergics such as Ipratropium in treating respiratory conditions?
What is the primary action of inhaled anticholinergics such as Ipratropium in treating respiratory conditions?
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Which of the following is a common side effect associated with Ipratropium use?
Which of the following is a common side effect associated with Ipratropium use?
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Ipratropium is indicated primarily for which of the following conditions?
Ipratropium is indicated primarily for which of the following conditions?
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What mechanism does Ipratropium use to achieve its therapeutic effect?
What mechanism does Ipratropium use to achieve its therapeutic effect?
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What is a secondary effect of anticholinergic medications like Ipratropium in the respiratory system?
What is a secondary effect of anticholinergic medications like Ipratropium in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following side effects can result from the use of Ipratropium?
Which of the following side effects can result from the use of Ipratropium?
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In which patient populations should caution be used with Ipratropium due to potential side effects?
In which patient populations should caution be used with Ipratropium due to potential side effects?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the side effects of Ipratropium?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the side effects of Ipratropium?
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The action of Ipratropium on the nervous system primarily affects which branch?
The action of Ipratropium on the nervous system primarily affects which branch?
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What is a long-term effect of glucocorticoids in managing severe asthma or COPD?
What is a long-term effect of glucocorticoids in managing severe asthma or COPD?
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Which condition is a common short-term therapy for status asthmaticus using glucocorticoids?
Which condition is a common short-term therapy for status asthmaticus using glucocorticoids?
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What is a potential adverse effect of long-term glucocorticoid use?
What is a potential adverse effect of long-term glucocorticoid use?
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Which glucocorticoid is commonly administered via inhalation for asthma treatment?
Which glucocorticoid is commonly administered via inhalation for asthma treatment?
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Which of these options directly reduces airway edema as a benefit of glucocorticoid use?
Which of these options directly reduces airway edema as a benefit of glucocorticoid use?
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What is one of the primary roles of glucocorticoids in treating severe asthma?
What is one of the primary roles of glucocorticoids in treating severe asthma?
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Which glucocorticoid is administered intravenously for severe conditions?
Which glucocorticoid is administered intravenously for severe conditions?
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What long-term glucocorticoid effect may lead to bone mineralization issues?
What long-term glucocorticoid effect may lead to bone mineralization issues?
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Which adverse outcome can result from using glucocorticoids for a prolonged duration?
Which adverse outcome can result from using glucocorticoids for a prolonged duration?
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What effect do glucocorticoids primarily have on mucus production?
What effect do glucocorticoids primarily have on mucus production?
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What is the primary function of leukotriene modifiers in asthma treatment?
What is the primary function of leukotriene modifiers in asthma treatment?
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Which monoclonal antibody is specifically used to block IgE in asthma treatment?
Which monoclonal antibody is specifically used to block IgE in asthma treatment?
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What symptoms does Xolair (omalizumab) help control in patients with asthma?
What symptoms does Xolair (omalizumab) help control in patients with asthma?
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Which of the following is a side effect associated with monoclonal antibody treatments like Xolair?
Which of the following is a side effect associated with monoclonal antibody treatments like Xolair?
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Leukotriene modifiers can be useful in reducing which of the following conditions during exercise-induced asthma?
Leukotriene modifiers can be useful in reducing which of the following conditions during exercise-induced asthma?
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What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene modifiers?
What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene modifiers?
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In the context of asthma treatment, what does the term 'bronchospasm' refer to?
In the context of asthma treatment, what does the term 'bronchospasm' refer to?
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Which lung condition is treated with both leukotriene modifiers and monoclonal antibodies?
Which lung condition is treated with both leukotriene modifiers and monoclonal antibodies?
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What is a contraindication for using monoclonal antibodies like Xolair?
What is a contraindication for using monoclonal antibodies like Xolair?
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What type of inflammation do leukotriene modifiers aim to reduce in asthma?
What type of inflammation do leukotriene modifiers aim to reduce in asthma?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists (SABAs)?
What is the primary therapeutic use of short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists (SABAs)?
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Which of the following adverse effects is least likely to be associated with the use of long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists (LABAs)?
Which of the following adverse effects is least likely to be associated with the use of long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists (LABAs)?
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Which mechanism best describes the action of beta2-adrenergic agonists in the management of asthma?
Which mechanism best describes the action of beta2-adrenergic agonists in the management of asthma?
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Which statement about the side effects of beta2-adrenergic agonists is accurate?
Which statement about the side effects of beta2-adrenergic agonists is accurate?
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Which of the following options correctly represents a common characteristic of both short-acting and long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists?
Which of the following options correctly represents a common characteristic of both short-acting and long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists?
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What is a notable feature of the adverse effects associated with beta2-adrenergic agonists during their usage?
What is a notable feature of the adverse effects associated with beta2-adrenergic agonists during their usage?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of H1 receptor antagonists like diphenhydramine?
What is the primary mechanism of action of H1 receptor antagonists like diphenhydramine?
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In which situation would a LABA be most appropriately used?
In which situation would a LABA be most appropriately used?
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What is the preferred treatment for nasal congestion associated with perennial allergies?
What is the preferred treatment for nasal congestion associated with perennial allergies?
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Which of the following best captures the overall concept behind the use of sympathomimetics like beta2-adrenergic agonists?
Which of the following best captures the overall concept behind the use of sympathomimetics like beta2-adrenergic agonists?
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What therapeutic outcome is expected from the action of beta2-adrenergic agonists in the respiratory system?
What therapeutic outcome is expected from the action of beta2-adrenergic agonists in the respiratory system?
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What effect do nasal glucocorticoids have on bronchial inflammation?
What effect do nasal glucocorticoids have on bronchial inflammation?
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Which of the following symptoms is commonly alleviated by H1 receptor antagonists?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly alleviated by H1 receptor antagonists?
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What is a significant effect of decreasing secretion of inflammatory mediators in the nasal passages?
What is a significant effect of decreasing secretion of inflammatory mediators in the nasal passages?
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What role does diphenhydramine primarily serve in treating allergic reactions?
What role does diphenhydramine primarily serve in treating allergic reactions?
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What long-term effect may occur from the use of glucocorticoids in managing severe asthma or COPD?
What long-term effect may occur from the use of glucocorticoids in managing severe asthma or COPD?
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Which of the following options reflects a primary benefit of glucocorticoids in treating status asthmaticus?
Which of the following options reflects a primary benefit of glucocorticoids in treating status asthmaticus?
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What is a common side effect associated with long-term glucocorticoid use?
What is a common side effect associated with long-term glucocorticoid use?
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Which glucocorticoid is typically used for its anti-inflammatory properties in inhalation therapy?
Which glucocorticoid is typically used for its anti-inflammatory properties in inhalation therapy?
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Which of the following actions is a primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids relieve symptoms in respiratory conditions?
Which of the following actions is a primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids relieve symptoms in respiratory conditions?
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What is a significant risk when using glucocorticoids for long-term treatment?
What is a significant risk when using glucocorticoids for long-term treatment?
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In treatments involving glucocorticoids, which effect is particularly noted with prolonged use?
In treatments involving glucocorticoids, which effect is particularly noted with prolonged use?
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Which aspect of glucocorticoids acts primarily to dampen inflammatory responses in respiratory diseases?
Which aspect of glucocorticoids acts primarily to dampen inflammatory responses in respiratory diseases?
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Which of the following short-term treatment strategies utilizes glucocorticoids?
Which of the following short-term treatment strategies utilizes glucocorticoids?
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What is a potential consequence of using glucocorticoids during an extended period?
What is a potential consequence of using glucocorticoids during an extended period?
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What is a primary use of mucolytics in respiratory therapy?
What is a primary use of mucolytics in respiratory therapy?
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Which of the following describes the primary action of alpha-adrenergic agonists?
Which of the following describes the primary action of alpha-adrenergic agonists?
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What potential side effect can occur from using sympathomimetic medications?
What potential side effect can occur from using sympathomimetic medications?
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In which condition are mucolytics particularly useful?
In which condition are mucolytics particularly useful?
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What adverse effect could result from excessive use of alpha-adrenergic agonists?
What adverse effect could result from excessive use of alpha-adrenergic agonists?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with side effects of mucolytics?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with side effects of mucolytics?
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Which mechanism do alpha-adrenergic agonists utilize to achieve their effects?
Which mechanism do alpha-adrenergic agonists utilize to achieve their effects?
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What is a common side effect of sympathomimetic agents?
What is a common side effect of sympathomimetic agents?
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What is one of the therapeutic goals of using mucolytics?
What is one of the therapeutic goals of using mucolytics?
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What is the primary action of the mucolytic acetylcysteine?
What is the primary action of the mucolytic acetylcysteine?
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What is the primary physiological process enhanced by theophylline that contributes to bronchodilation?
What is the primary physiological process enhanced by theophylline that contributes to bronchodilation?
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What is the consequence of maintaining sustained levels of theophylline higher than 20 mcg/mL?
What is the consequence of maintaining sustained levels of theophylline higher than 20 mcg/mL?
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Which of the following side effects is commonly observed in patients with elevated theophylline levels?
Which of the following side effects is commonly observed in patients with elevated theophylline levels?
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Which biochemical messenger's levels are primarily influenced by xanthines, such as theophylline?
Which biochemical messenger's levels are primarily influenced by xanthines, such as theophylline?
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What common symptom may indicate an excessive theophylline dosage?
What common symptom may indicate an excessive theophylline dosage?
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What is an important metabolic effect of theophylline on the body?
What is an important metabolic effect of theophylline on the body?
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Theophylline is chemically related to which of the following compounds?
Theophylline is chemically related to which of the following compounds?
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Which potential adverse effect arises from high levels of theophylline that must be monitored?
Which potential adverse effect arises from high levels of theophylline that must be monitored?
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Which of the following is listed as a secondary messenger associated with theophylline's action?
Which of the following is listed as a secondary messenger associated with theophylline's action?
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Which blood component is significantly affected by elevated theophylline levels, warranting careful monitoring?
Which blood component is significantly affected by elevated theophylline levels, warranting careful monitoring?
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Study Notes
Inhaled Anticholinergics
- Treats bronchospasm in asthma and COPD by blocking the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Promotes bronchodilation by enhancing sympathetic system activity.
- Potential side effects include nervousness, dizziness, headache, nausea, cough, palpitations, ocular changes, hypersensitivity, urinary retention, and paradoxical bronchospasm.
- Key drug: Ipratropium (Atrovent).
Xanthines
- Used for long-term control of chronic asthma or COPD.
- Increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which regulates physiological processes leading to bronchodilation.
- Commonly associated with theophylline levels above 20 mcg/mL leading to risks such as irritability, restlessness, dizziness, palpitations, life-threatening arrhythmias, loss of appetite, proteinuria, respiratory arrest, fever, and flushing.
- Key drug: Theophylline (Theolair).
Glucocorticoids
- Provides long-term control of severe asthma or COPD by dampening inflammation and airway edema.
- Short-term therapy is effective for treating status asthmaticus by reducing mucus production and promoting responsiveness of beta-2 receptors.
- Long-term use can lead to side effects including pharyngitis, oral candidiasis, and bone mineralization issues, alongside immunosuppression risks.
- Key drugs: Beclomethasone (Qvar), Prednisone, Methylprednisolone (IV).
Leukotriene Modifiers
- Used for asthma or COPD prevention and exercise-induced bronchospasm.
- Suppresses the effects of leukotrienes, reducing airway edema, inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production.
- Key drug: Montelukast (Singulair).
Monoclonal Antibodies
- Effective in controlling persistent asthma or COPD symptoms by binding to IgE and blocking reactions to antigens.
- This mechanism inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators.
- Contraindications include infections and malignancies.
- Key drug: Omalizumab (Xolair).
Opioids
- Cough suppressants that act on the central nervous system by raising cough threshold to inhibit the cough reflex.
- Side effects may include sedation, respiratory depression, hypotension, GI upset, and constipation.
- Key drug: Codeine.
Non-opioids
- Suppress cough similarly by acting on the CNS without the opioid interaction.
- Side effects such as dizziness and sedation are more pronounced at high doses.
- Key drug: Dextromethorphan (Delsym).
Expectorants
- Promote mucus expectoration by thinning and increasing mucus flow.
- Allows for easier clearance of secretions from the respiratory tract.
- Common side effects include GI upset and dizziness.
- Key drug: Guaifenesin (Mucinex).
Classification and Uses
- Beta2-adrenergic agonists control asthma symptoms and are divided into Short-Acting (SABA) for rescue and Long-Acting (LABA) for maintenance.
- Xanthines are used for long-term control of chronic asthma or COPD.
- Glucocorticoids provide long-term control of severe asthma or COPD.
- Mucolytics promote expectoration by breaking down mucus structure, also beneficial in cystic fibrosis.
- Alpha-adrenergic agonists are indicated for allergic or non-allergic rhinitis and sinusitis.
- H1 Receptor Antagonists offer relief from common allergy symptoms.
- Nasal glucocorticoids are preferred for treating nasal congestion due to perennial allergies.
Mechanism of Action
- Beta2-adrenergic agonists bind to beta 2 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle to promote bronchodilation, relieve bronchospasm, and inhibit histamine release.
- Theophylline (a xanthine) increases cAMP levels, regulating physiological processes and aiding in bronchodilation.
- Glucocorticoids dampen inflammation by suppressing inflammatory cells and mediators.
- Mucolytics break down mucus to facilitate easier expectoration.
- Alpha-adrenergic agonists stimulate alpha1 adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction and reducing nasal passage edema.
- H1 Receptor Antagonists block histamine's action at H1 receptors, reducing symptoms like itching and sneezing.
- Nasal glucocorticoids decrease secretion of inflammatory mediators, reducing mucosal edema.
Adverse Effects
- Beta2-adrenergic agonists may cause anxiety, dizziness, tachycardia, and paradoxical bronchospasm.
- Theophylline can lead to increased irritability, potential arrhythmias, or life-threatening respiratory arrest if levels exceed 20 mcg/mL.
- Glucocorticoids may result in throat soreness and candidiasis with prolonged use, along with bone mineralization issues.
- Mucolytics may induce bronchospasm, nausea, or vomiting.
- Alpha-adrenergic agonists can cause flushing, appetite loss, and feelings of restlessness.
- H1 Receptor Antagonists can lead to sedation or anticholinergic effects.
- Nasal glucocorticoids typically have a favorable safety profile but may still cause localized effects.
Drug Exemplars
- Albuterol: Inhaled SABA for acute asthma relief.
- Salmeterol: Inhaled LABA for asthma maintenance.
- Terbutaline: Oral LABA for asthma.
- Theophylline: Long-term asthma management.
- Beclomethasone: Inhaled glucocorticoid for asthma control.
- Prednisone: Systemic glucocorticoid for severe conditions.
- Acetylcysteine: Mucolytic used for mucus breakup.
- Phenylephrine: Oral and nasal alpha-agonist for rhinitis.
- Diphenhydramine: H1 antagonist for allergy symptom relief.
- Mometasone: Nasal glucocorticoid for allergy-related congestion.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the use of inhaled anticholinergics, specifically Ipratropium, in treating bronchospasm in asthma patients. It explores the mechanisms, side effects, and overall impact on the nervous system during treatment. Test your knowledge on this important aspect of asthma management!
