Pharmacology of Inhaled Beta2-Agonists

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of short-acting inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonists in asthma treatment?

Deliver systemic corticosteroids

Inhibit muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Relax smooth muscle for quick relief of symptoms (correct)

Increase vagal tone of the airway

Which symptom indicates the worsening of airway obstruction during an asthma attack?

Distention of neck veins

Use of accessory muscles for breathing

Increased respiratory rate

Presence of wheezing (correct)

What role do corticosteroids play in the management of an asthma attack?

Increase respiratory rate

Act as the most potent anti-inflammatory medications (correct)

Inhibition of muscarinic receptors

Immediate relief of acute symptoms

What is a hallmark of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

Refractory hypoxaemia that does not improve with oxygen Signup and view all the answers

In oxygen therapy for asthma, which delivery methods are typically used?

Nasal cannula, mask, or endotracheal tube Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in PaCO2 indicate during an asthma attack?

First objective indication of status asthmaticus Signup and view all the answers

How are short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists usually administered?

Via pMDI or nebulization Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk if an asthma attack condition is not reversed?

Development of pneumothorax and pulmonary arrest Signup and view all the answers

What position should a patient be in to minimize the risk of dependent leg complications?

Feet resting on the floor or a chair Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

Often presents as an infection acquired in the community Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when applying intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices?

To ensure optimal fitting and adherence of sleeves Signup and view all the answers

What patient assessment is crucial when monitoring potential for pulmonary embolism?

Evaluating extremities for warmth and redness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumonia classification mentioned?

Chronic-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Signup and view all the answers

What should the nurse avoid during thrombolytic therapy monitoring?

Invasive procedures Signup and view all the answers

Which practice helps manage pain for a patient with pneumonia?

Using semi-Fowler’s position for comfort Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk when leaving IV catheters in place for extended periods?

Higher risk of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a thrombus obstructing a pulmonary artery?

Impaired or absent gas exchange in that area Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of acute pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Blood clot or thrombus Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention should be prioritized to maintain SpO2 when administering oxygen therapy through a mask fails?

High flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) Signup and view all the answers

What position should a patient be placed in to prevent pressure sores and aid in critical care?

Semi-fowler's position Signup and view all the answers

What happens when pulmonary vascular resistance increases due to emboli?

Increase in pulmonary arterial pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended action for maintaining airway patency during critical care?

Assisting with intubation Signup and view all the answers

What might signify a high risk for developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in critical care patients?

Prolonged immobility Signup and view all the answers

When during hospitalization should nasogastric tube feeding ideally be initiated?

Within 48 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common portal of entry for bronchopneumonia?

Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of bronchopneumonia?

Acute rapid onset of chills and fever Signup and view all the answers

What type of sputum is typically produced in cases of bronchopneumonia?

Rust-colored or purulent Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential atypical manifestation of pneumonia in older adults?

Minimal cough with scant sputum Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test provides detailed imaging for pneumonia?

CT scan Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of bronchopneumonia during a physical examination?

Pleural friction rub Signup and view all the answers

Which oxygen delivery system can provide the highest concentration of oxygen to a patient?

Non-rebreather mask Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome indicated by a chest x-ray for bronchopneumonia?

Fluid, infiltrates, or consolidated lung tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a common early sign of cardiorespiratory compromise in older adults?

Activity intolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major components in the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary hypertension?

Fluid retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of maintaining adequate fluid intake in patients with pulmonary hypertension?

To thin mucus for easier expectoration Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the development of plexiform lesions in pulmonary hypertension?

Increased levels of cytokines and chemokines Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about dietary recommendations for patients with pulmonary hypertension is true?

Small, frequent, well-balanced meals are advised. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key recommendation for home care of patients recovering from pulmonary hypertension?

Strict adherence to the medication regimen Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of impaired endothelial cell function in pulmonary hypertension?

Development of plexiform lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which cell types are involved in the inflammatory process contributing to pulmonary hypertension?

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Short-Acting Inhaled Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists (SABA)

SABAs like albuterol and levalbuterol provide quick relief during acute asthma symptoms by relaxing smooth muscle.
Accessory muscle use and engorged neck veins indicate respiratory distress, worsening can lead to absent wheezing, suggesting impending respiratory failure.
Anticholinergics such as Ipratropium help reduce airway vagal tone but do not provide immediate relief as SABAs do.
Corticosteroids are the most potent anti-inflammatory medications for asthma management amid acute exacerbations.

Oxygen Therapy

Supplemental oxygen is frequently used in status asthmaticus, delivered via mask, nasal cannula, or endotracheal tube.
Early recognition of refractory hypoxaemia is crucial; it is the hallmark of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
Oxygen therapy should be administered to maintain adequate saturation, with progression to high flow nasal oxygen or mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Critical Care in COVID-19 Patients

Continuously monitor airway patency, oxygen saturation (>90%), vital signs, and indicators of infection.
Positioning patients in semi-Fowler's helps improve breathing; patient repositioning every two hours minimizes complications.
Administer oxygen to achieve target SpO2, escalating from nasal cannula to non-invasive or invasive ventilation as required.
Elevate the foot of the bed and encourage isometric exercises to prevent pressure sores.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is characterized by lung inflammation caused by various microorganisms including bacteria and viruses.
It is classified into types: Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP), Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP), and Ventilator-Acquired Pneumonia (VAP).
Clinical manifestations include acute chills, fever, productive cough, and chest pain; older patients may show atypical signs.

Diagnostic Tests for Pneumonia

Chest X-ray identifies fluid, infiltrates, and atelectasis in lung tissue.
CT scans provide detailed imaging for diagnosis.
Monitoring for respiratory distress is critical as it can indicate worsening pneumonia.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Most commonly caused by blood clots; other emboli may include air, fat, or amniotic fluid.
Symptoms include pain in extremities, warmth, and redness. Assessing health history is key for risk evaluation.
Monitor vital signs and lab results during thrombolytic therapy to avoid complications.

Management of Pain and Nursing Care

Positioning patients in semi-Fowler's and frequent repositioning can help with pain management.
IV catheters should not be left in place for extended durations to prevent infection.
Fluid intake, nutrition, and completion of prescribed medications should be emphasized for recovery.

Health Education for Home Care

Importance of adhering to medication regimens and recognizing activity limitations to prevent exacerbations.
Encouragement of fluid intake to facilitate mucus clearance, along with nutritional support for overall health recovery.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the use of short-acting inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonists (SABAs) like albuterol and levalbuterol, particularly their application in treating respiratory distress. Participants will explore symptoms, the importance of quick relief medications, and signs of worsening conditions. Test your knowledge on this critical aspect of respiratory pharmacology!