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Questions and Answers
Which of the following occurs when the temperature increases?
Which of the following occurs when the temperature increases?
Why do we intubate people?
Why do we intubate people?
What is the significance of nitrous oxide in certain medical procedures?
What is the significance of nitrous oxide in certain medical procedures?
What is the partition coefficient related to?
What is the partition coefficient related to?
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What is the relative solubility of CO2 compared to O2?
What is the relative solubility of CO2 compared to O2?
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What type of vaporizer is used to deliver most inhaled anesthetics?
What type of vaporizer is used to deliver most inhaled anesthetics?
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Why does desflurane require a special vaporizer?
Why does desflurane require a special vaporizer?
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What is the definition of saturated vapor pressure (SVP)?
What is the definition of saturated vapor pressure (SVP)?
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What is the relationship between saturated vapor pressure and temperature?
What is the relationship between saturated vapor pressure and temperature?
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What is the definition of boiling point?
What is the definition of boiling point?
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What is the risk associated with using nitrous oxide during long procedures?
What is the risk associated with using nitrous oxide during long procedures?
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According to the Meyer-Overton Hypothesis, what determines the potency of an anesthetic agent?
According to the Meyer-Overton Hypothesis, what determines the potency of an anesthetic agent?
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What does a partition coefficient represent?
What does a partition coefficient represent?
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Which of the following is NOT related to the potency of an anesthetic agent?
Which of the following is NOT related to the potency of an anesthetic agent?
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According to Fick's Law, what is the rate of diffusion proportional to?
According to Fick's Law, what is the rate of diffusion proportional to?
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What is Graham's Law related to?
What is Graham's Law related to?
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What is the characteristic of a non-ionizing solution?
What is the characteristic of a non-ionizing solution?
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What is the osmotic pressure of a solution?
What is the osmotic pressure of a solution?
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What is the osmotic pressure of a solution relative to that of other body fluids?
What is the osmotic pressure of a solution relative to that of other body fluids?
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What is the blood gas coefficient (BGC) for desflurane?
What is the blood gas coefficient (BGC) for desflurane?
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What is the blood gas coefficient (BGC) for nitrous oxide?
What is the blood gas coefficient (BGC) for nitrous oxide?
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What is the blood gas coefficient (BGC) for sevoflurane?
What is the blood gas coefficient (BGC) for sevoflurane?
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What is the blood gas coefficient (BGC) for isoflurane?
What is the blood gas coefficient (BGC) for isoflurane?
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What is the fat blood coefficient for desflurane?
What is the fat blood coefficient for desflurane?
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What is the fat:blood coefficient for nitrous oxide?
What is the fat:blood coefficient for nitrous oxide?
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What is the fat-blood coefficient for sevoflurane?
What is the fat-blood coefficient for sevoflurane?
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What is the fat blood coefficient for isoflurane?
What is the fat blood coefficient for isoflurane?
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What is the relationship between potency and onset of inhaled anesthetics?
What is the relationship between potency and onset of inhaled anesthetics?
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Which of the following is a consequence of a higher solubility of an inhaled anesthetic in blood compared to air?
Which of the following is a consequence of a higher solubility of an inhaled anesthetic in blood compared to air?
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What is the relationship between the solubility of an inhaled anesthetic in plasma proteins and the blood–gas partition coefficient?
What is the relationship between the solubility of an inhaled anesthetic in plasma proteins and the blood–gas partition coefficient?
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What determines the speed at which an agent produces anesthesia?
What determines the speed at which an agent produces anesthesia?
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What is the consequence of an inhaled anesthetic binding to plasma proteins in the blood?
What is the consequence of an inhaled anesthetic binding to plasma proteins in the blood?
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What is the SVP (Saturated Vapor Pressure) of isoflurane at 20°C?
What is the SVP (Saturated Vapor Pressure) of isoflurane at 20°C?
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What is the SVP (Saturated Vapor Pressure) of desflurane at 20°C?
What is the SVP (Saturated Vapor Pressure) of desflurane at 20°C?
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What is the SVP (Saturated Vapor Pressure) of sevoflurane at 20°C?
What is the SVP (Saturated Vapor Pressure) of sevoflurane at 20°C?
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What is the SVP (Saturated Vapor Pressure) of nitrous oxide at 20°C?
What is the SVP (Saturated Vapor Pressure) of nitrous oxide at 20°C?
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What is the MAC of isoflurane?
What is the MAC of isoflurane?
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What is the MAC of desflurane?
What is the MAC of desflurane?
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What is the MAC of sevoflurane?
What is the MAC of sevoflurane?
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What is the MAC of nitrous oxide?
What is the MAC of nitrous oxide?
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What is the relationship between MAC and potency?
What is the relationship between MAC and potency?
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Study Notes
Inhaled Anesthetics in Clinical Use
- Variable-bypass vaporizers are used to deliver most inhaled anesthetics, depending on relative gas flow and vapor pressure.
- Desflurane requires a special vaporizer due to its high vapor pressure and boiling point near room temperature, which heats and injects the agent for predictable output.
- Isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane are the most commonly used inhaled anesthetics.
Nitrous Oxide
- Nitrous oxide is a good adjunct but has side effects, especially during long procedures.
- Risk of diffusion into ETT cuff, leading to increased cuff pressures, tracheal trauma, postoperative discomfort, and cuff rupture.
- Limiting diffusion in the cuff by providing equilibrium between delivered gases and gases that fill the cuff lumen, and using saline to expand the cuff.
Saturated Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
- Saturated vapor pressure (SVP) is the pressure exerted by molecules from a volatile substance that escape the liquid phase and become vapor.
- SVP is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas within a container at a certain temperature.
- Boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure equals ambient pressure, and the liquid rapidly vaporizes.
Vaporizers
- There are two types of vaporizers: variable-bypass vaporizers and heated vaporizers.
Solubility, Diffusion, and Osmosis
- CO2 is more soluble in tissues than in oxygen.
- Impairments in diffusing capacity are more likely to lead to hypoxemia than hypercarbia.
- Henry's Law states that the number of gas molecules dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.
- Solubility coefficients include Bunsen and Ostwald coefficients.
- Solubility of liquids and solids increases with temperature, while solubility of gases decreases with temperature.
Partition Coefficient and MAC
- Partition coefficient is the ratio of the concentration of anesthetic in one phase or solvent compared to another.
- Blood-gas and fat-blood partition coefficients are important in anesthesia.
- MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration) is related to oil solubility, and high potency correlates with slow onset.
Diffusion and Osmosis
- Fick's Law states that the rate of diffusion is proportional to the gradient of the concentration (liquid) or partial pressure (gas).
- Graham's Law states that the rate of diffusion of gases through a porous membrane is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas.
- Bulk flow consists of ultrafiltration and reabsorption, which helps regulate the distribution of ECF between plasma and interstitial spaces.
- Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane, and water flows to the more concentrated side.
Osmotic Pressure and Tonicity
- Osmole is a unit of measurement for osmotic activity, equal to 1 Avogadro's number of particles dissolved in a solute that cannot diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane.
- Osmotic pressure is the pressure at which osmosis of a solvent into a semi-permeable membrane is prevented.
- Tonicity is the osmotic pressure of a solution relative to that of other body fluids.
- Effects of mOsm on cells include hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions.
Anesthesia and Solubility
- The solubility of an inhaled anesthetic in blood compared to air affects its binding to plasma proteins in the blood.
- A higher solubility in blood leads to a higher blood–gas partition coefficient.
Induction Rate and Solubility
- The induction rate of an anesthetic agent is inversely related to its solubility in blood.
- Induction rate refers to the speed at which an agent produces anesthesia.
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Description
This quiz covers the use of inhaled anesthetics, including vaporizers, gas flow, and vapor pressure. It also explores the properties of specific agents like desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane.
