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What does Shannon mean by the term ‘redundancy’ in the context of English prose?
What does Shannon mean by the term ‘redundancy’ in the context of English prose?
What percentage of English prose does Shannon estimate to be redundant?
What percentage of English prose does Shannon estimate to be redundant?
Which of the following is an example of a highly redundant letter pairing in English?
Which of the following is an example of a highly redundant letter pairing in English?
If a letter combination is very likely, what does that imply about the amount of information it conveys?
If a letter combination is very likely, what does that imply about the amount of information it conveys?
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What does Shannon's work on quantifying information help us to measure with regards to language?
What does Shannon's work on quantifying information help us to measure with regards to language?
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Based on the passage, if writers use word combinations that are highly predictable, what is the effect on the information content of their work?
Based on the passage, if writers use word combinations that are highly predictable, what is the effect on the information content of their work?
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In the context of Shannon's work, which of the following is NOT something that can be quantified?
In the context of Shannon's work, which of the following is NOT something that can be quantified?
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The article mentions that when the first couple of letters of a word were correct, the remainder of the word was easily guessed. What does this suggest about human interpretation of written language?
The article mentions that when the first couple of letters of a word were correct, the remainder of the word was easily guessed. What does this suggest about human interpretation of written language?
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What is the primary purpose of the validation process described in the text?
What is the primary purpose of the validation process described in the text?
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Which of the following sources is NOT listed as a primary resource for authorship attribution?
Which of the following sources is NOT listed as a primary resource for authorship attribution?
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What type of plays are EXCLUDED from the set of works used for building author profiles?
What type of plays are EXCLUDED from the set of works used for building author profiles?
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What does the term 'relative entropy' refer to in the context of this validation?
What does the term 'relative entropy' refer to in the context of this validation?
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What does the acronym 'WAN' refer to in the context of this study?
What does the acronym 'WAN' refer to in the context of this study?
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What is the primary basis for determining authorship before using the tool?
What is the primary basis for determining authorship before using the tool?
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What is the next step after calculating the relative entropy between plays and author profiles?
What is the next step after calculating the relative entropy between plays and author profiles?
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Why are plays surviving only as small fragments, such as Jonson's Mortimer's Fall, excluded from the validation process?
Why are plays surviving only as small fragments, such as Jonson's Mortimer's Fall, excluded from the validation process?
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What does Shannon's mathematics of relative entropy quantify?
What does Shannon's mathematics of relative entropy quantify?
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How is the difference between two WANs calculated using Shannon's relative entropy?
How is the difference between two WANs calculated using Shannon's relative entropy?
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Why is the calculation of the difference between two WANs performed twice, switching the designation of 'first' and 'second'?
Why is the calculation of the difference between two WANs performed twice, switching the designation of 'first' and 'second'?
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What is 'entropy' in the context described in the text?
What is 'entropy' in the context described in the text?
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What do the 'symbols' represent when measuring collocation habits of writers?
What do the 'symbols' represent when measuring collocation habits of writers?
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What makes 'th' a common combination of symbols in English?
What makes 'th' a common combination of symbols in English?
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What is the goal of comparing WANs directly?
What is the goal of comparing WANs directly?
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How is the author of a play determined in this method?
How is the author of a play determined in this method?
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What purpose does the deduction of the 'background reading' serve in the relative entropy calculation?
What purpose does the deduction of the 'background reading' serve in the relative entropy calculation?
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What is the significance of the 'limit probability' mentioned in the calculation?
What is the significance of the 'limit probability' mentioned in the calculation?
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What does a relative entropy of '0' between a play and an author profile indicate?
What does a relative entropy of '0' between a play and an author profile indicate?
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What does a negative relative entropy between a play and an author profile suggest?
What does a negative relative entropy between a play and an author profile suggest?
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When testing a play against its known author's profile, what adjustment is made?
When testing a play against its known author's profile, what adjustment is made?
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What is considered a successful attribution outcome for a collaborative play?
What is considered a successful attribution outcome for a collaborative play?
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What was the accuracy rate achieved when considering only the 94 plays with undisputed authorship?
What was the accuracy rate achieved when considering only the 94 plays with undisputed authorship?
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What does the relative entropy method primarily use to distinguish between authors?
What does the relative entropy method primarily use to distinguish between authors?
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Which of the following words from the list is used to indicate a position relative to something else?
Which of the following words from the list is used to indicate a position relative to something else?
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Which word functions as a conjunction to link two contrasting ideas?
Which word functions as a conjunction to link two contrasting ideas?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a preposition indicating location or direction?
Which of the following is NOT typically a preposition indicating location or direction?
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Which word on this list is used to indicate a point in time?
Which word on this list is used to indicate a point in time?
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Which of the words from the text is used to describe something that is 'on top of' or 'covering'?
Which of the words from the text is used to describe something that is 'on top of' or 'covering'?
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Which word could be categorized as indicating an exception or exclusion?
Which word could be categorized as indicating an exception or exclusion?
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Which of these words from the list is primarily used to indicate a quantity?
Which of these words from the list is primarily used to indicate a quantity?
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Among the provided function words, which one is used to express possession?
Among the provided function words, which one is used to express possession?
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Which word serves as a conjunction used to introduce a condition?
Which word serves as a conjunction used to introduce a condition?
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Which of the following is a function word that can indicate a direction or a pathway?
Which of the following is a function word that can indicate a direction or a pathway?
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Which play is attributed to Ben Jonson?
Which play is attributed to Ben Jonson?
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Which work was written by Thomas Middleton?
Which work was written by Thomas Middleton?
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What is the correct title of George Chapman's play associated with love and honor?
What is the correct title of George Chapman's play associated with love and honor?
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Which of the following is not a play written by Robert Greene?
Which of the following is not a play written by Robert Greene?
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Which play written by Thomas Middleton features themes around betrayal and revenge?
Which play written by Thomas Middleton features themes around betrayal and revenge?
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Which of the following titles is written by George Peele?
Which of the following titles is written by George Peele?
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Which title was authored by Ben Jonson that reflects a comedic viewpoint on human nature?
Which title was authored by Ben Jonson that reflects a comedic viewpoint on human nature?
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Which of the following pairs matches a playwright with their respective play?
Which of the following pairs matches a playwright with their respective play?
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Study Notes
Attributing Authorship of Henry VI Plays
- Study by word adjacency, analyzing how frequently words appear together.
- Authors have distinct patterns in word adjacency/collocations.
- Shannon's theory of information helps quantify how predictable word choices are.
- A word adjacency network (WAN) analyzes word proximity.
- Rare word proximity is studied, as well as frequency of common words.
- Authors have unique word patterns that can be quantitatively measured using WANs.
Methodology
- Analyze word placement in phrases and collocations (words appearing near each other).
- Use software for corpus comparison for large-scale analyses.
- Account for the size differences in the examined texts.
- Statistical analysis of lexical choices is employed to distinguish authors.
- Word adjacency networks can identify subtle differences in style.
- Focus on patterns, rather than individual words or frequencies.
- Normalize data for meaningful comparisons across texts.
Results
- A set of plays attributed to authors.
- The study supports the theory that authors have unique word placement patterns, quantifiable through word adjacency.
- Shows patterns of collocations and phrases to differentiate authors.
- Successfully attributes authorship in contentious cases.
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Description
Explore Shannon's concepts of redundancy and information in English prose. This quiz delves into the percentage of redundancy in language, the implications of predictable letter pairings, and how these factors affect meaning and interpretation. Test your understanding of language quantification based on Shannon's work.