Chapter 3 Bimodal IT
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a generic strategy for dealing with competitive forces as described in the text?

  • Product differentiation
  • Market diversification (correct)
  • Focus on market niche
  • Low-cost leadership
  • What does the "Focus on market niche" strategy entail?

  • Offering a wide range of products and services to a broad market.
  • Using information systems to provide a more personalized customer experience.
  • Focusing on a specific segment of the market with specialized products or services. (correct)
  • Reducing costs by standardizing production processes.
  • Which of the following is an example of a company utilizing the "Low-cost leadership" strategy in the text?

  • Walmart with its efficient customer response system (correct)
  • Amazon with its vast online marketplace and personalized recommendations
  • Nike with its custom shoe design and manufacturing
  • Apple with its premium iPhones and innovative features
  • What does "Mass customization" refer to in the context of product differentiation?

    <p>Using information systems to create personalized products or services based on customer preferences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company is mentioned as an example of "Focus on market niche" strategy and the information system they use to support it?

    <p>Hilton Hotels with their OnQ system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a force mentioned in Porter's competitive forces model?

    <p>Government regulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea presented in the text about Porter's Competitive Forces Model?

    <p>It emphasizes the importance of understanding the external environment in which a business operates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can help companies achieve "Low-cost leadership"?

    <p>Focus on developing high-quality products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of competitors retaliating against a strategic system?

    <p>Systems becoming tools for survival (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for aligning IT with business objectives?

    <p>Performance of strategic systems analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must change when adopting strategic systems?

    <p>Business goals and processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect should be considered in a strategic systems analysis?

    <p>Structure of industry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model can be applied to analyze a company’s strategic position?

    <p>Five forces model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way companies can strengthen customer loyalty?

    <p>Using information systems to develop ties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the Internet create opportunities for businesses?

    <p>Through the introduction of universal standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of smart products in competitive strategy?

    <p>They expand product differentiation opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the value chain model highlight?

    <p>Activities where competitive strategies can be applied. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main benefit of utilizing information systems in the value chain?

    <p>To improve customer and supplier intimacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Internet of Things influence market dynamics?

    <p>It raises switching costs and inhibits new entrants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of switching costs?

    <p>Difficulties consumers face when changing suppliers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of increased rivalry due to the Internet?

    <p>Intensified competition for brand loyalty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a value web in the context of business partnerships?

    <p>A collection of firms using synchronized IT to coordinate value chains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synergies enhance business performance?

    <p>When outputs from some units serve as inputs for others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a core competency of a firm?

    <p>An area where the firm is regarded as a global leader. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy emphasizes networking among companies to leverage mutual strengths?

    <p>Network-based strategies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of a traditional value chain compared to a value web?

    <p>Typically involves less collaboration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates the concept of synergy in business?

    <p>The merger of Bank of NY with JPMorgan Chase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the virtual company model utilize to function effectively?

    <p>An interconnected network of external partners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of information systems in promoting core competencies?

    <p>They enhance communication and resource-sharing across units. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five competitive forces that shape the fate of a firm?

    <p>Government regulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario do new market entrants pose a greater threat to established firms?

    <p>When the market has low barriers to entry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern for firms regarding customers in a competitive marketplace?

    <p>Customers' lack of brand loyalty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do substitute products influence consumer behavior?

    <p>They may lead customers to switch if prices increase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the market power of suppliers?

    <p>The rate at which suppliers can raise their prices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might increase the competitiveness of traditional competitors?

    <p>An increase in product differentiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes new market entrants?

    <p>They might have younger workers and new equipment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a transparent marketplace, what can customers demand from businesses?

    <p>Lower prices due to increased competition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of network economics?

    <p>The marginal cost of adding new participants is almost zero (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a virtual company in the context of business operations?

    <p>A company that uses networks to ally with other companies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes firms that dominate an ecosystem and create platforms used by others?

    <p>Keystone firms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the value of software relate to its customer base according to network economics?

    <p>Value increases as installed customer base grows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of business ecosystems?

    <p>They consist of sets of firms providing related services and products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does IT play in a business ecosystem?

    <p>It facilitates a dense network of interactions among participating firms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which firm model manages production and shipment for major companies while outsourcing tasks?

    <p>Li &amp; Fung model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an ecosystem strategic model, what is a key aspect of competition?

    <p>Competition occurs among industry sets in a business ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Traditional Competitors

    Companies within the same industry competing for the same customers.

    New Market Entrants

    New companies entering a market with fresh ideas, resources, and sometimes a lower cost structure.

    Substitute Products and Services

    Alternatives that customers can use instead of your products or services.

    Customers

    The power customers have to influence prices and product features.

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    Suppliers

    The power that suppliers have to influence prices and terms.

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    Porter's Five Forces

    A framework that analyzes the competitive forces that shape an industry's profitability.

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    Barrier to Entry

    A strategy that aims to reduce the threat of new market entrants by creating barriers to entry.

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    Competitive Advantage

    The ability of a company to maintain its existing customers and attract new ones.

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    Porter's Five Forces Model

    A framework that identifies five competitive forces that influence a firm's strategic position and strategies. These forces include competition with direct competitors, new market entrants, substitute products, customers, and suppliers.

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    Low-cost leadership

    A strategy that aims to offer products and services at a lower cost than competitors, often achieved through efficiency and scale.

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    Product Differentiation

    A strategy that involves creating products or services that stand out from competitors in terms of features, quality, or design, often enabled by technology.

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    Focus on Market Niche

    A strategy where a company focuses on a specific segment of the market, often with tailored products, services, or marketing.

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    Customer and Supplier Intimacy

    A strategy that uses information systems to build strong relationships with customers and suppliers, fostering trust and loyalty.

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    Mass Customization

    A business strategy that enables companies to produce customized products and services on a large scale using information systems.

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    Hilton Hotels' OnQ System

    An information system used by Hilton Hotels to manage properties and enhance customer experiences.

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    Walmart's Efficient Customer Response System

    A system used by Walmart to effectively manage inventory and respond to customer demand.

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    Value Web

    A collection of independent firms using highly synchronized IT to coordinate value chains to produce a product or service collectively.

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    Core Competency

    The ability of a company to perform an activity better than its competitors.

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    Synergies

    When the output of some units is used as inputs to others, or organizations pool markets and expertise.

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    Network-based Strategies

    Strategies that take advantage of a firm's ability to network with other businesses.

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    Network Economics

    The ability of a company to achieve economies of scale through its network of businesses.

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    Virtual Company Model

    A temporary alliance of companies linked by IT to share resources and expertise to complete a specific project.

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    Business Ecosystem

    A group of interacting companies sharing common interests and goals, forming a web of relationships.

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    Strengthening Customer and Supplier Intimacy

    Using information systems to build strong and lasting relationships with customers and suppliers, creating a barrier for them to switch to competitors.

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    The Internet's Impact on Competitive Advantage

    The Internet's influence can transform industries, creating both opportunities and challenges. It intensifies rivalry and allows new competitors to enter the market.

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    Internet of Things (IoT)

    Connecting everyday objects to the internet through sensors, enabling smart products and services.

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    Smart Products

    Products with integrated internet connectivity, offering new features and functionalities.

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    Value Chain Model

    A framework that breaks down a company's activities into a series of value-adding steps, highlighting opportunities for strategic advantage.

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    Primary and Support Activities

    Primary activities in the value chain directly contribute to the creation and delivery of products or services, while support activities enable these primary activities.

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    Benchmarking

    Comparing a company's processes with best industry practices to identify areas for improvement and enhance efficiency.

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    Industry Best Practices

    Leveraging best practices and proven approaches from other industries to enhance a company's own processes and operations.

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    Sustaining Competitive Advantage

    Maintaining a competitive edge over others in the same industry.

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    Strategic Systems Analysis

    A strategic process that involves analyzing the structure of an industry and the value chain of a company to align IT with business objectives.

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    Managing Strategic Transitions

    The process of adapting a company to effectively implement and integrate strategic systems.

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    Competitor Retaliation and Imitation

    The ability of competitors to mimic or counter a company's strategic systems, potentially diminishing their effectiveness.

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    Systems for Survival

    The use of strategic systems to enable survival in a competitive market, often transitioning from a competitive advantage to a necessary tool.

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    Law of Diminishing Returns

    The concept that adding more resources to a production process eventually leads to smaller and smaller increases in output.

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    Virtual Company

    Companies that use networks and partnerships to create and distribute products without being tied to physical locations or traditional organizational structures.

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    Keystone Firm

    A dominant company in an ecosystem which creates a platform used by other businesses. It is typically a technology-focused company.

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    Niche Firm

    A type of firm that uses the platform created by a keystone firm in a business ecosystem.

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    Digital Firm Era

    The idea that companies need to adapt to a more dynamic business environment where boundaries between industries, firms, and customers are blurring.

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    Ecosystem Strategic Model

    An interconnected group of companies within different industries that work together to deliver value to customers.

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    Study Notes

    Agenda

    • Agenda for a course on Information Systems, Organizations, and Strategy
    • Topics include features of organizations and the impact of information systems on organizations
    • Topics also include using information systems to develop competitive strategies

    Using Information Systems to Develop Competitive Strategies

    • Why do firms become leaders?
      • Michael Porter's competitive forces model answers this question
    • Competitive Forces Model:
      • Provides general view of firm, competitors, and the environment
      • Five forces shape firm's fate: traditional competitors, new market entrants, substitute products/services, customers, and suppliers
    • Traditional Competitors:
      • Firms continuously develop new products, services, and improve efficiency/switching costs.
    • New Market Entrants:
      • Some industries have high barriers to entry (e.g., computer chips).
      • New companies often have new equipment and younger workers but limited brand recognition.
    • Substitute Products/Services:
      • Customers might switch if prices are too high (e.g., iTunes versus CDs).
    • Customers:
      • Can easily switch to competitors' products?
      • Can they force businesses to compete strictly on price in transparent markets?
    • Suppliers:
      • Market power of suppliers exists when firms cannot raise prices as quickly as suppliers.

    Porter's Competitive Forces Model

    • A model illustrating the strategic position of a firm and its strategies
    • This includes competition with traditional competitors, and other forces in the industry's environment
    • These forces are new market entrants, substitute products, customers, and suppliers

    Information System Strategies for Dealing with Competitive Forces

    • Four generic strategies enabled by IT: low-cost leadership, product differentiation, focus on market niche, and strengthen customer/supplier intimacy
    • Low-cost Leadership:
      • Produce products/services at lower prices than competitors
      • Example: Walmart's efficient customer response system
    • Product Differentiation:
      • Enable new products/services, changing customer convenience/experience.
      • Example: Mass customization like iPhones or Nike shoes
    • Focus on Market Niche:
      • Use information systems to focus on a single market niche; specialize
      • Example: Hilton Hotels' OnQ system
    • Strengthen Customer/Supplier Intimacy:
      • Use information systems to build strong ties/loyalty with customers and suppliers.
      • Increase switching costs.
      • Example: Chrysler, Amazon, Starbucks

    The Internet's Impact on Competitive Advantage

    • Transformation or threat to some industries (e.g., travel agencies, printed encyclopedias)
    • Competitive forces are still at work, but rivalry is more intense
    • Universal standards allow new rivals and entrants to the market
    • Opportunities for building brands and loyal customer bases

    Smart Products and the Internet of Things (IoT)

    • Growing use of Internet-connected sensors in products (e.g., smart products like fitness equipment, health trackers)
    • Expand product differentiation opportunities
    • Increasing rivalry between competitors
    • Raise switching costs
    • Inhibit new entrants
    • May decrease power of suppliers

    The Business Value Chain Model

    • Firm as a series of activities that add value to products/services
    • Highlights activities where competitive strategies are best applied
    • Primary vs. support activities.
    • Determine how information systems can improve operational efficiency and customer/supplier intimacy.
    • Utilize benchmarking, industry best practices.

    The Value Chain Model

    • Figure provides examples of systems for both primary and support activities of a firm and value partners.
    • Systems can add value to products/services.

    Extending the Value Chain: The Value Web

    • Firm's value chain is linked to value chains of suppliers, distributors, and customers
    • Collection of independent firms using highly synchronized IT to coordinate value chains for service/product production.
    • More customer-driven, less linear than traditional value chains.

    The Value Web

    • A networked system that synchronizes business partner value chains to respond rapidly to supply/demand changes

    Synergies & Core Competencies

    • Information systems can improve business unit performance by promoting synergies and core competencies.
    • Synergies:
      • Combining units to create greater value, using outputs as inputs
      • Examples: Bank of NY and JPMorgan Chase merger, YouTube purchase by Google
    • Core Competencies:
      • Activities where a firm excels globally
      • Relies on knowledge, experience, and firm-wide sharing.
      • Example: Procter & Gamble's intranet

    Network-based Strategies

    • Take advantage of firms' abilities to network with each other.
    • Includes network economics, virtual company model, and business ecosystems.

    Network Economics

    • Traditional economics: Law of diminishing returns
    • Marginal cost of adding a new participant is almost zero
    • Value grows as the customer base expands.

    Virtual Company Model

    • Firms network to create and distribute products.
    • Not limited by organizational boundaries
    • Example: Li & Fung manages production and shipment for major fashion companies by outsourcing to many suppliers.

    Business Ecosystems and Platforms

    • Industry sets of firms providing related services/products
    • Keystone firms dominate, providing platforms for other firms
    • Niche firms rely on platforms from keystone firms
    • Individual firms can consider how IT can make them profitable niche players in larger ecosystems
    • Example: Microsoft Windows (or other similar software)

    An Ecosystem Strategic Model

    • Digital firms view competition as more dynamic across industries
    • Multiple industries work together to deliver customer value
    • IT plays a critical role in enabling interactions between firms

    Using Information Systems to Develop Competitive Strategies

    • Maintaining competitive advantage
    • Aligning IT with business objectives
    • Performing strategic analysis of industry structure
    • Managing strategic transitions (changes in business goals, customer/supplier relations, business processes)

    Homework

    • Read chapter 3, including case studies
    • Complete T3-2 (read learning track 1 of chapter 3)
    • Complete T3-3 (analyze a company's five forces and value chain models)

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    Explore the key concepts in using information systems to develop competitive strategies within organizations. This quiz delves into Michael Porter's competitive forces model and examines the impact of traditional competitors and new market entrants. Enhance your understanding of how firms can leverage information systems for a strategic advantage.

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