Influenzae and Sialadenitis Overview

Questions and Answers

What is the most common causative organism in sialadenitis?

Haemophilus influenzae

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Staphylococcus aureus (correct)

Escherichia coli

Which of the following is a common sign of sialadenitis?

Pain in multiple joints

Bilateral swelling of the parotid gland

Focal enlargement indicating an abscess (correct)

Clear discharge from the duct

What is a common treatment for sialadenitis?

Antiviral medications

Topical steroids

Surgical removal of the gland

Antibiotics and warm compresses (correct)

In adults and unvaccinated children, what infectious agent is still a concern related to severe sore throat?

Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of sialadenitis that can emerge during diagnosis?

Abscess formation Signup and view all the answers

Which patient demographic is most likely to experience sialadenitis?

Patients aged 50s and 60s Signup and view all the answers

What is a key symptom of epiglottitis that should be looked for in patients?

Normal-appearing pharynx with severe sore throat Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modalities are commonly used to diagnose sialadenitis?

Ultrasonography and MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of pharyngitis?

Tonsillopharyngitis Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically absent in GABHS infections compared to viral infections?

Cough Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended treatment for a bacterial tonsillopharyngitis if the patient is allergic to penicillin?

Clarithromycin Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of epiglottitis in children?

Drooling and stridor Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily responsible for causing epiglottitis?

Haemophilus influenzae type B Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Filtering, warming, and moistening the air Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nose is responsible for conducting air to the pharynx?

Nasal cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a decrease in the sense of smell?

Hyposmia Signup and view all the answers

What is the common cause of epistaxis?

Local trauma and drying of nasal mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rhinitis is most commonly associated with viral infections?

Viral rhinitis Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical treatment recommendation for managing rhinitis?

Humidification and corticosteroid spray Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for foreign bodies lodged in the nasal passages, especially in young children?

Nasal FB Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment may be necessary if a nasal foreign body is causing pain?

General anesthesia for removal Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane in rhinitis?

Post-nasal drip Signup and view all the answers

Which nasal structure is lined with mucous membrane and serves to warm incoming air?

Nasal concha Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate duration for using nasal decongestants such as Afrin and Sinex severe?

Less than 3 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is typically prescribed for bacterial superinfection associated with rhinorrhea that is yellowish/greenish?

Augmentin Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates chronic rhinitis from acute rhinitis?

Thick, foul-smelling, mucopurulent drainage Signup and view all the answers

What is anosmia?

Complete loss of smell Signup and view all the answers

What part of the pharynx is responsible for the entrance of air?

Nasopharynx Signup and view all the answers

What structure houses the tonsils which play a role in immunity?

Pharynx Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to hyposmia?

Chronic sinusitis Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of treating specific causes of anosmia?

No guaranteed recovery of smell Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the pharynx is responsible for passing food, drinks, and air?

Oropharynx Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the olfactory neuroepithelium to be destroyed, leading to smell loss?

Chemical exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for underlying bacterial infections associated with adenoid hypertrophy in children?

Antibiotic therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is typically associated with the largest size of adenoid tissue?

Children aged 2 to 6 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of laryngitis that differentiates it from other laryngeal disorders?

Hoarseness and decreased volume (aphonia) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the larynx helps prevent food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of granulomas in the larynx?

Intubation trauma Signup and view all the answers

What type of sound is characteristic of carotid bruits during auscultation?

Blowing or 'wooshing' sound Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis method used to visualize laryngeal disorders?

Laryngoscopy Signup and view all the answers

What type of voice changes can result from vocal cord nodules?

A breathy voice or slowly developing hoarseness Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical feature is NOT associated with adenoid enlargement?

Severe throat pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate first-line treatment for viral laryngitis?

Voice rest and symptomatic treatment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organisms: Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, β-hemolytic streptococci, Branhamella catarrhalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) remains a concern for unvaccinated children and adults.
Severe sore throat with normal pharynx appearance can indicate epiglottitis.
Treatment typically includes corticosteroids and antibiotics, with ceftriaxone being most common.

Sialadenitis

Bacterial infection of salivary glands, especially the parotid gland.
Causes: Obstruction (stone) or gland hyposecretion, common in individuals aged 50-60, patients with xerostomia (Sjögren syndrome), and those who have received radiation therapy.
Most common pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus.
Symptoms: Fever, unilateral pain, swelling, tenderness, erythema, edema, pus expression from duct.
Diagnosis: CT, ultrasonography, MRI, gram stain, culture.
Treatment: Antibiotics (e.g., Amoxicillin/Clavulanate), hydration, analgesics, local measures.

Adenoids

Mass of lymphatic tissue in the posterior nasopharynx, largest in children aged 2-6 years.
Hypertrophy often results from infections, allergies, or gastroesophageal reflux.
Symptoms: Nasal obstruction, sleep disturbances, mouth breathing, middle ear effusion, hyponasal voice, halitosis, recurrent otitis media.
Diagnosis through flexible nasopharyngoscopy.
Treatments include addressing the underlying cause, potential adenoidectomy, and allergy treatments.

Larynx

Connects laryngopharynx to trachea, consists of cartilaginous structures such as thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages.
The epiglottis prevents food/liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing.
Disorders may lead to dysphonia, requiring visualization through laryngoscopy if voice changes persist (>3 weeks).

Laryngitis

Inflammation caused by viruses or overuse.
Symptoms include hoarseness, decreased volume (aphonia).
Diagnosis often involves laryngoscopy for symptoms lingering > 3 weeks.
Most cases are viral and self-limited; treatment focuses on symptomatic relief (voice rest, steam inhalation).

Polyps, Nodules, and Granulomas

Vocal cord changes due to acute trauma or chronic irritation.
All result in hoarseness and breathy voice.
Diagnosis via laryngoscopy and possibly biopsy.
Polyps: Unilateral lesions, often due to injury or chronic irritation.
Nodules: Bilateral, linked to chronic voice abuse.
Granulomas: Result from intubation trauma, may be aggravated by reflux disease.

Carotid Pulse and Auscultation

Carotid bruits indicate vascular abnormalities due to turbulent blood flow from atherosclerotic plaque.
Palpation allows assessment of pulse strength, categorized from grade 0 (no pulse) to grade 4 (bounding pulse).
Carotid auscultation indicates possible cerebrovascular disease.

Respiratory System Structure

Two parts: Conducting (nose and pharynx) and Respiratory (larynx, bronchi, lungs) systems.
Nose functions: Warming, moistening, filtering air, and olfactory detection.

Epistaxis

Nosebleeding; avoid tilting head back to prevent swallowing blood.
Common causes: Local trauma, drying mucosa, hypertension.
Anterior bleeds typically respond to direct pressure; posterior requires gauze compression or balloon tampons.

Rhinitis

Inflammation of nasal mucous membrane, typically viral or allergic.
Symptoms include nasal congestion, rhinorrhea (watery).
Treatment includes humidification, corticosteroid sprays, antihistamines, and appropriate antibiotics for bacterial superinfection.

Anosmia

Complete loss of smell; caused by trauma or infections.
Hyposmia refers to partial loss; both can result from URIs.
Diagnosis often requires cranial imaging unless causes are obvious.

Pharynx

Functions as a passage for air and food, facilitates voice resonance, and houses tonsils.
Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Common viral infections with GABHS as the primary bacterial cause.
Symptoms include tonsillar exudate, fever, and lymphadenopathy; absence of cough suggests bacterial infection.
Treatment involves antibiotics such as penicillin or alternatives for allergies.

Epiglottitis

Involves inflammation of the epiglottis; can lead to severe breathing difficulties.
Signs: Fever, respiratory distress, drooling, severe throat pain.
Historically caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B; other causal organisms in adults include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus.

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Description

This quiz covers important details regarding Haemophilus influenzae and related infections, including treatment approaches and concerns for unvaccinated individuals. Additionally, it delves into sialadenitis, its causes, symptoms, and common pathogens. Test your knowledge on these significant medical topics.