Influenza Types and Naming of Flu Viruses
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?

  • Drastic reassortment leading to a pandemic (correct)
  • Mild reassortment leading to an epidemic
  • Formation of a new strain of influenza
  • No change in the influenza virus

    • What type of influenza virus causes epidemics every 3-6 years?

  • Avian influenza
  • Type B (correct)
  • Type A
  • Type C

    • What is the property of the Hepatitis virus that allows it to have high frequency recombination?

  • Enveloped virion
  • Helical capsid symmetry
  • Deletion mutation (correct)
  • Non-segmented genome

    • What is the name of the virus that causes hepatitis?

    <p>HAV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the Paramyxovirus virion?

    <p>Spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the Coronavirus virion?

    <p>Pear-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of infection for Paramyxovirus?

    <p>Respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genome type of the Coronavirus?

    <p>Non-segmented, (+) sense, ssRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by swelling of the airways and problems breathing?

    <p>Croup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of MERS-CoV?

    <p>Respiratory droplet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of multiplication for Paramyxovirus?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis method for Filovirus?

    <p>Cell culture and modern molecular techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fatality rate of MERS-CoV?

    <p>34%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?

    <p>Mild reassortment leading to the formation of a new strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the Picornavirus virion?

    <p>Icosahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the virion shape of the Filovirus?

    <p>Filamentous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Dengue fever?

    <p>Vector-borne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family of viruses that includes Coxsackie virus?

    <p>Picornaviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genome type of the Flavivirus?

    <p>Non-segmented, (+) sense, ssRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the host cell affected by the Coronavirus?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to confirm repeatedly reactive samples?

    <p>Western blot assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the HIV virion?

    <p>Rod-shaped or bullet-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of HIV disease staging?

    <p>CD4+ cell counts and opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of HIV multiplication?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to determine viral load?

    <p>RT-PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of the rabies virus?

    <p>Direct contact with infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural host of the Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)?

    <p>Sooty mangabey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distribution of HIV-1?

    <p>Cosmopolitan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary receptor for the HIV virus?

    <p>CD4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the HIV virion?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the destruction of T cells by the HIV virus?

    <p>Immune function deteriorates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CXCR 4 and CCR5 in the HIV virus?

    <p>Co-receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the HIV genome?

    <p>Linear, non-segmented, (+) sense, ssRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of the HIV infection where the patient remains asymptomatic for many years?

    <p>Clinical latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of the HIV virus?

    <p>Sexual and parenteral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the host's immune function during the clinical latency stage?

    <p>The host is able to replace infected T cells faster than they are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary tissue infected by the virus?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the virus migrate to the CNS?

    <p>Along the peripheral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of AIDS-associated infections in humans?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to diagnose AIDS?

    <p>Serology techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of the disease?

    <p>Prodromal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of the sensory excitement phase?

    <p>Hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of AIDS-associated infections?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is involved in AIDS?

    <p>Retrovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatitis Viruses

    • Virulence factor: high frequency recombination (Deletion mutation)
    • Diagnosis: RT-PCR, Antigen-Detection Kits, Antibody Testing

    Coronavirus

    • Family: Coronaviridae
    • Virion: enveloped, “pear-shaped” peplomers giving a crown-like appearance
    • Largest RNA virus
    • Genomic characteristics: non-segmented, (+) sense, ssRNA
    • Multiplication: R (CYTOPLASM); AM (ER)
    • Infects: upper respiratory tract
    • MOT: respiratory droplet
    • Contains S protein (spike) which causes cell fusion and facilitates viral entry to host cells

    Filovirus

    • Family: Filoviridae
    • Virion: Filamentous, thread-like, enveloped with large peplomers, helical capsid sometimes irregularly shaped
    • Genomic characteristics: non-segmented, (-) sense, ssRNA, striated core
    • Multiplication: RA (CYTOPLASM); M (CM)
    • Infects: macrophages, endothelial cells, hepatocytes
    • MOT: respiratory droplets and body fluids
    • Diseases: Ebola virus - short virus with 2-21 days incubation, Marburg virus - long virus with 4-16 days incubation

    Influenza Viruses

    • Type A, B, and C
    • Diseases: primary influenza pneumonia, croup, otitis media
    • Antigenic shift: drastic reassortment, every 10-40 years, leads to a pandemic
    • Antigenic drift: mild reassortment, accumulated point mutations lead to formation of new strain
    • Examples of Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics: Spanish flu (1918-1919), Russian flu, Asian flu (1957), Hong Kong flu (1968)

    Flavivirus

    • Family: Flaviviridae
    • Virion: spherical, enveloped, icosahedral
    • Genomic characteristics: non-segmented, (+) sense, ssRNA
    • Multiplication: R (CYTOPLASM); AM (ER)
    • Infects: macrophages (Dengue), CNS (Encephalitis), Hepatocytes (HCV & yellow fever)
    • MOT: Aedes aegypti (Dengue), Arthropod bite (Encephalitis), parenteral (HCV), Aedes or Haemagogus spp.

    Paramyxovirus

    • Family: Paramoxyviridae
    • Virion: spherical, helical capsid, enveloped, HA, NA spikes
    • Genomic characteristics: non-segmented, linear, (-) sense, ssRNA
    • Multiplication: RA (CYTOPLASM); M (CM)
    • Infects: epithelial cells of the respiratory tract
    • MOT: respiratory droplets
    • Latency: None
    • Diseases: URTI, croup, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

    Picornavirus

    • Family: Picornaviridae
    • Virion: naked, icosahedral capsid
    • Genomic characteristics: non-segmented, linear, (+) sense, ssRNA
    • Multiplication: RAM (CYTOPLASM)
    • Infects: oropharynx, GIT, heart, pleura
    • MOT: respiratory droplets
    • Diseases: Coxsackie virus - enterovirus from New York, HAV - enterovirus causing hepatitis, Poliovirus, Rhinovirus

    Retrovirus (HIV)

    • Family: Retroviridae
    • Genomic characteristics: linear, non-segmented, (+) sense, ssRNA, diploid (presence of DNA and RNA)
    • Multiplication: R (NUCLEUS) wherein RNA is transcribed to DNA; AM (CYTOPLASM)
    • Infects: CD4+ cells
    • MOT: sexual, parenteral
    • Diseases: HIV-1 - cosmopolitan distribution; HIV-2 - common in West Africa

    Rabies Virus

    • Family: Rhabdoviridae
    • Virion: enveloped, rod-shaped or bullet-shaped, helical capsid symmetry
    • Genomic characteristics: non-segmented, (-) sense, ssRNA
    • Multiplication: R (CYTOPLASM); AM (CM)
    • Infects: Muscle (initial replication) and neurons
    • MOT: infectious saliva, aerosol
    • Diseases: Rabies (madness, rage, fury)

    HTLV

    • Family: Retroviridae
    • Genomic characteristics: non-segmented, linear, (+) sense, ssRNA
    • Multiplication: R (NUCLEUS) wherein RNA is transcribed to DNA; AM (CYTOPLASM)
    • Infects: CD4+ cells
    • MOT: sexual, parenteral
    • Diseases: HTLV-1, HTLV-2

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    Description

    This quiz covers the types of human influenza, including Type A, B, and C, as well as primary influenza pneumonia and other related diseases. It also explores the concepts of antigenic shift and antigenic drift in the naming of flu viruses.

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