40 Questions
What are the three main needs coordinated by the pentose phosphate pathway?
Ribose synthesis, NADPH synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism
What is produced at each step in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
One molecule of NADPH
What is the main role of NADPH produced in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Used in lipid biosynthetic pathways
What does the pentose phosphate pathway provide a way for, other than glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?
Carbohydrates to enter metabolism
What are lectins?
Proteins that recognize and bind tightly to specific carbohydrate sequences
What is the average size of lectins?
40 to 75 kDa
Where do many lectins come from?
Legumes
What is ricin?
A toxic lectin found in castor beans
Where are glycolipids found?
On the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane
What do ABO blood group antigens result from?
Carbohydrate modifications on erythrocyte surfaces
What does the ABO blood group system classify blood types based on?
Presence of A and B modifications
What can happen if someone receives the wrong blood type?
It can elicit a fatal immune response
What is indicated by the ABO letters followed by a (+) or (−) symbol?
The rhesus factor, Rh
What is the function of lectins?
Cell adhesion, defense against pathogens, and protein trafficking
What is the lethal dose of ricin?
As small as 1.75 μg
What is the role of glycolipids in the plasma membrane?
They are amphipathic membrane lipids containing carbohydrate modifications
Which pathway has two stages: oxidative and non-oxidative, producing NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate?
Pentose phosphate pathway
Where are glycoproteins initially modified?
Endoplasmic reticulum
How are N-linked glycoproteins linked to carbohydrates?
Via an amide linkage to asparagine
What are the roles of xylulose-5-phosphate and ChREBP in carbohydrate metabolism?
Activating genes involved in energy storage
What do glycoconjugates include?
Glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and peptidoglycans
What can glycosylations in proteins regulate?
Enzyme activity, stability, and protein folding
Where are ABO blood group antigens predominantly found?
On the cell membrane of erythrocytes
What is the ABO blood group system composed of?
Four blood groups: A, B, AB, and O
Why are people with blood type O considered universal donors?
Due to the absence of proteins on their erythrocyte membranes
What is the function of protein phosphatase 2A in carbohydrate metabolism?
Activating ChREBP
What are the products of the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?
NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate
What do glycoproteins and glycolipids have in common?
Both are important in cell signaling
What is the main cause of influenza?
Influenza A virus
What is the function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus?
Enabling virus release and preventing viral binding
What is the main function of drugs targeting neuraminidase?
Inhibit its function and reduce severity and duration of influenza symptoms
What is the major component of the extracellular matrix?
Proteoglycans
What is the role of hyaluronic acid in the body?
Non-proteoglycan polysaccharide
What gives proteoglycans the ability to absorb water?
Oxidized carbohydrates with sodium counter ions
Which glycoprotein binds to sialic acid residues on cell surfaces?
Hemagglutinin
What is the function of hemagglutinin in the influenza virus?
Facilitating viral entry into host cells
What is the role of proteoglycans in the body?
Absorb water and serve various functions
What is the function of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
Create an extensive macromolecular network
What is the function of neuraminidase inhibitors in influenza treatment?
Reduce severity and duration of influenza symptoms
What is the effect of the influenza A virus on respiratory cells?
Attacks respiratory cells
Study Notes
Influenza and Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Understanding the Disease and Drug Development
- Influenza causes over half a million deaths annually and can infect up to 20% of the population in a year
- The 1918 outbreak of influenza killed 50 to 100 million people, more than 1% of the world's population
- Influenza is caused by the influenza A virus, which attacks respiratory cells and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines
- The virus has an envelope with glycoproteins, including hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
- Hemagglutinin binds to sialic acid residues on cell surfaces, facilitating viral entry into host cells
- Neuraminidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves sialic acid residues, enabling virus release and preventing viral binding
- Drugs targeting neuraminidase inhibit its function and reduce severity and duration of influenza symptoms
- Proteoglycans are a major component of the extracellular matrix, consisting of glycosaminoglycans and protein cores
- Proteoglycans have extensive carbohydrate modifications and create an extensive macromolecular network
- Hyaluronic acid is a non-proteoglycan polysaccharide that lacks the protein component found in proteoglycans
- Proteoglycans often carry an overall negative charge due to oxidized carbohydrates with sodium counter ions, drawing water into the structure
- The ability of proteoglycans to absorb water serves various functions in the body
Test your knowledge of influenza and neuraminidase inhibitors with this quiz. Learn about the impact of influenza, the role of neuraminidase in viral release, and the development of drugs targeting this enzyme. Delve into the structure and function of proteoglycans and their role in the body.
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