Influenza

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main needs coordinated by the pentose phosphate pathway?

Glucose breakdown, pentose breakdown, and CO2 production

Glycolysis, lipid biosynthesis, and immune response

Protein synthesis, ATP synthesis, and cell division

Ribose synthesis, NADPH synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism (correct)

What is produced at each step in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?

One molecule of G-6-P

One molecule of ATP

Two molecules of CO2

One molecule of NADPH (correct)

What is the main role of NADPH produced in the pentose phosphate pathway?

Used in protein synthesis

Used in ATP synthesis

Used in glycolysis

Used in lipid biosynthetic pathways (correct)

What does the pentose phosphate pathway provide a way for, other than glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?

Carbohydrates to enter metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What are lectins?

Proteins that recognize and bind tightly to specific carbohydrate sequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the average size of lectins?

40 to 75 kDa Signup and view all the answers

Where do many lectins come from?

Legumes Signup and view all the answers

What is ricin?

A toxic lectin found in castor beans Signup and view all the answers

Where are glycolipids found?

On the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What do ABO blood group antigens result from?

Carbohydrate modifications on erythrocyte surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What does the ABO blood group system classify blood types based on?

Presence of A and B modifications Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if someone receives the wrong blood type?

It can elicit a fatal immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the ABO letters followed by a (+) or (−) symbol?

The rhesus factor, Rh Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lectins?

Cell adhesion, defense against pathogens, and protein trafficking Signup and view all the answers

What is the lethal dose of ricin?

As small as 1.75 μg Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

They are amphipathic membrane lipids containing carbohydrate modifications Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway has two stages: oxidative and non-oxidative, producing NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate?

Pentose phosphate pathway Signup and view all the answers

Where are glycoproteins initially modified?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

How are N-linked glycoproteins linked to carbohydrates?

Via an amide linkage to asparagine Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of xylulose-5-phosphate and ChREBP in carbohydrate metabolism?

Activating genes involved in energy storage Signup and view all the answers

What do glycoconjugates include?

Glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and peptidoglycans Signup and view all the answers

What can glycosylations in proteins regulate?

Enzyme activity, stability, and protein folding Signup and view all the answers

Where are ABO blood group antigens predominantly found?

On the cell membrane of erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the ABO blood group system composed of?

Four blood groups: A, B, AB, and O Signup and view all the answers

Why are people with blood type O considered universal donors?

Due to the absence of proteins on their erythrocyte membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of protein phosphatase 2A in carbohydrate metabolism?

Activating ChREBP Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?

NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What do glycoproteins and glycolipids have in common?

Both are important in cell signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of influenza?

Influenza A virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus?

Enabling virus release and preventing viral binding Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of drugs targeting neuraminidase?

Inhibit its function and reduce severity and duration of influenza symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the major component of the extracellular matrix?

Proteoglycans Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hyaluronic acid in the body?

Non-proteoglycan polysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

What gives proteoglycans the ability to absorb water?

Oxidized carbohydrates with sodium counter ions Signup and view all the answers

Which glycoprotein binds to sialic acid residues on cell surfaces?

Hemagglutinin Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemagglutinin in the influenza virus?

Facilitating viral entry into host cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proteoglycans in the body?

Absorb water and serve various functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

Create an extensive macromolecular network Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neuraminidase inhibitors in influenza treatment?

Reduce severity and duration of influenza symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the influenza A virus on respiratory cells?

Attacks respiratory cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Influenza and Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Understanding the Disease and Drug Development

Influenza causes over half a million deaths annually and can infect up to 20% of the population in a year
The 1918 outbreak of influenza killed 50 to 100 million people, more than 1% of the world's population
Influenza is caused by the influenza A virus, which attacks respiratory cells and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines
The virus has an envelope with glycoproteins, including hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
Hemagglutinin binds to sialic acid residues on cell surfaces, facilitating viral entry into host cells
Neuraminidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves sialic acid residues, enabling virus release and preventing viral binding
Drugs targeting neuraminidase inhibit its function and reduce severity and duration of influenza symptoms
Proteoglycans are a major component of the extracellular matrix, consisting of glycosaminoglycans and protein cores
Proteoglycans have extensive carbohydrate modifications and create an extensive macromolecular network
Hyaluronic acid is a non-proteoglycan polysaccharide that lacks the protein component found in proteoglycans
Proteoglycans often carry an overall negative charge due to oxidized carbohydrates with sodium counter ions, drawing water into the structure
The ability of proteoglycans to absorb water serves various functions in the body

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Description

Test your knowledge of influenza and neuraminidase inhibitors with this quiz. Learn about the impact of influenza, the role of neuraminidase in viral release, and the development of drugs targeting this enzyme. Delve into the structure and function of proteoglycans and their role in the body.