20 Questions
What is upward appeal in an organizational context?
The support from higher level managers for ideas and plans
According to Kanter (1979), what are the three lines of organizational power?
Lines of supply, information, and support
What are the five conflict-handling styles mentioned in the text?
Competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and excluding
What is the purpose of turning up the heat on a group, as mentioned in the text?
To confront a group with information about its bad performance
What is one of the action steps to shape the political dynamics of change mentioned in the text?
Ensure or develop the support of key power groups
What is the purpose of using symbols and language, as mentioned in the text?
To create energy in support of the change
What is the use of power to ensure some things remain the same, as mentioned in the text?
To build in stability
What is recommended to identify who holds sufficient power to assist change or work against it?
Carry out a 'power audit'
Which type of gatekeeper possesses political power, alternatives, and information but lacks communication channels with gatekeepers?
Bounded gated
What type of power comes from accepting judgments of those with specialized knowledge?
Expert power
What is the reason for women's underrepresentation in boards according to the text?
Child-bearing and childcare
What type of democracy involves a system where everyone has equal right to rule and make decisions?
Direct democracy
Which type of authority is associated with charisma and the ability to attract others to a cause?
Charismatic authority
What is the type of power that is derived from skills and knowledge?
Expert power
What is the outcome of using a 'Collaborating' conflict-handling style?
Results in high-quality solutions through inputs of both parties
What characterizes 'Negative power'?
About control and manipulation of others
What is one of the major problems faced by change processes?
Resistance to change
What is the definition of power according to Huczynski and Buchanan (2013)?
The capacity of individuals to overcome resistance on the part of others, to exert their will, and to produce results consistent with their interests and objectives
What is the mode of political rule characterized by absolute government where power is held by an individual or small group?
Autocracy
Which type of rule is exercised through the use of knowledge, expert power, and the ability to solve relevant problems?
Technocracy
Study Notes
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Con8ict-handling styles have distinct outcomes on the content of the con8ict and the relationship with the other party:
- Compeng: creates a win/lose situation, may lead to negative feelings and damaged relationships.
- Collaborang: creates a win/win outcome, results in high-quality solutions through inputs of both parties.
- Compromising: partially satisfies the needs of both parties, requires trading resources, can lead to future collaborations.
- Avoiding: does not address the problem, allows a cooling-off period and the gathering of more information.
- Accommodang: creates a lose/win situation, recognizes other party's solutions, builds goodwill.
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Power comes in two forms: negative and positive.
- Negative power: characterized by the need for dominance, about control and manipulation of others.
- Positive power: derived from a more socialized need to initiate, influence, and lead, about empowering others.
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Hardy argues that power provides energy for organizational change and identifies additional forms:
- Power over meaning: altering values and norms, involves 'spin' to justify change for self and organizational gain.
- System power: lies with the organization and its culture and structure, influences change and difficult to alter.
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Change processes face major problems:
- Resistance to change.
- Organizational control.
- Power struggles.
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Covert political action is extreme and includes four themes:
- Contestation of power and authority.
- Perceptions of collective injury.
- Social occlusion.
- Occurrence of forbidden forms of dissent.
- Causes include declining control, identity, social networks, and organizational structures.
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Functional conflict can lead to positive performance, and optimal conflict inspires innovation and self-criticism.
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Guidelines for dealing with conflict:
- Encourage openness.
- Model appropriate responses.
- Provide summaries and restatements of positions.
- Involve neutral third parties.
- Encourage reflection and reassessment.
- Utilize group strengths.
- Focus on shared goals.
- Build objectivity into the process.
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Lehman and Linsky recommend practices:
- Build a containment space: a safe space to express dissenting opinions without repercussions.
- Leverage dissident voices: give importance to dissident opinions and don't suppress them.
Explore the different influence tactics used by men and women, as well as the impact of national culture and powerlessness on these tactics. Learn about assertive and direct methods, ingratiation, collaboration, self-promotion, and the influence of cultural differences.
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