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Questions and Answers
What concept describes the shared beliefs, norms, and values within a society that influences individuals?
What concept describes the shared beliefs, norms, and values within a society that influences individuals?
According to Durkheim, what type of solidarity arises from individuals having similar responsibilities and activities?
According to Durkheim, what type of solidarity arises from individuals having similar responsibilities and activities?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept that society evolves through three stages: theological, metaphysical, and scientific?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept that society evolves through three stages: theological, metaphysical, and scientific?
What term does Durkheim use to describe a state of normlessness in society?
What term does Durkheim use to describe a state of normlessness in society?
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What is the main focus of functionalism in sociology?
What is the main focus of functionalism in sociology?
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What is the primary focus of the pattern variable of achievement in Talcott Parsons' framework?
What is the primary focus of the pattern variable of achievement in Talcott Parsons' framework?
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Which of the following is not one of the four basic needs of society identified by Parsons?
Which of the following is not one of the four basic needs of society identified by Parsons?
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In Parsons' framework, what does 'latency' refer to?
In Parsons' framework, what does 'latency' refer to?
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What concept did Robert K. Merton introduce as an alternative to Parsons' grand theories?
What concept did Robert K. Merton introduce as an alternative to Parsons' grand theories?
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Which pattern variable contrasts with particularism, emphasizing universal standards?
Which pattern variable contrasts with particularism, emphasizing universal standards?
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What is a criticism regarding Parsons' approach to social systems?
What is a criticism regarding Parsons' approach to social systems?
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Which term is associated with Parsons' view of maintaining a value consensus in society?
Which term is associated with Parsons' view of maintaining a value consensus in society?
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What aspect of social systems did Merton believe needed more examination compared to Parsons' theories?
What aspect of social systems did Merton believe needed more examination compared to Parsons' theories?
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What is the primary focus of the genital stage in psychosexual development?
What is the primary focus of the genital stage in psychosexual development?
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In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, what characteristic is typical of securely attached infants?
In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, what characteristic is typical of securely attached infants?
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How does the parenting style of indulgent affect children as they grow up?
How does the parenting style of indulgent affect children as they grow up?
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Which characteristic is associated with anxious or insecure-resistant attachment in infants?
Which characteristic is associated with anxious or insecure-resistant attachment in infants?
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What does the latency stage of psychosexual development primarily focus on?
What does the latency stage of psychosexual development primarily focus on?
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Which of the following describes a key aspect of Freud's anal stage of development?
Which of the following describes a key aspect of Freud's anal stage of development?
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What is a major outcome expected from authoritative parenting?
What is a major outcome expected from authoritative parenting?
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What can be inferred about the emotional attachment of human infants?
What can be inferred about the emotional attachment of human infants?
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How does infant attachment behavior generally manifest when separated from a caregiver?
How does infant attachment behavior generally manifest when separated from a caregiver?
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What characteristic of lifespan development suggests that no particular age period dominates human growth?
What characteristic of lifespan development suggests that no particular age period dominates human growth?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'schemas' as defined in cognitive development?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'schemas' as defined in cognitive development?
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In Piaget's theory, how do children differ from adults in cognitive development?
In Piaget's theory, how do children differ from adults in cognitive development?
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The term 'multidisciplinary' in the context of lifespan development suggests that development is influenced by which of the following?
The term 'multidisciplinary' in the context of lifespan development suggests that development is influenced by which of the following?
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Which developmental theory emphasizes the impact of social and individual factors on human growth throughout life?
Which developmental theory emphasizes the impact of social and individual factors on human growth throughout life?
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Which characteristic of development allows for the ability to change abilities throughout life?
Which characteristic of development allows for the ability to change abilities throughout life?
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Which of the following best captures the notion of growth, maintenance, and regulation in the context of lifespan development?
Which of the following best captures the notion of growth, maintenance, and regulation in the context of lifespan development?
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In the study of development, which aspect significantly shapes both culture and individual behavior?
In the study of development, which aspect significantly shapes both culture and individual behavior?
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What is the primary focus of cognitive development theories proposed by Jean Piaget?
What is the primary focus of cognitive development theories proposed by Jean Piaget?
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What describes the concept of 'multidimensional' in the context of human development?
What describes the concept of 'multidimensional' in the context of human development?
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What is the main challenge faced during Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion?
What is the main challenge faced during Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion?
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Which stage in Freud's psychosexual development focuses primarily on oral pleasures and experiences?
Which stage in Freud's psychosexual development focuses primarily on oral pleasures and experiences?
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In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, which level is characterized by a focus on social relationships and conformity?
In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, which level is characterized by a focus on social relationships and conformity?
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Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation occurs during which phase of life?
Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation occurs during which phase of life?
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What concept does social identity contribute to in an individual’s overall self-concept?
What concept does social identity contribute to in an individual’s overall self-concept?
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In Erikson's stages, which crisis pertains to the period from ages 1 to 3?
In Erikson's stages, which crisis pertains to the period from ages 1 to 3?
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Which aspect of moral development is emphasized in Kohlberg's postconventional level?
Which aspect of moral development is emphasized in Kohlberg's postconventional level?
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Which component is a key characteristic of Freud’s anal stage of development?
Which component is a key characteristic of Freud’s anal stage of development?
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Which characteristic describes the confusion faced in Erikson's stage of intimacy versus isolation?
Which characteristic describes the confusion faced in Erikson's stage of intimacy versus isolation?
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What type of reasoning characterizes the preconventional level of Kohlberg's moral development?
What type of reasoning characterizes the preconventional level of Kohlberg's moral development?
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Study Notes
Influence of Philosophy on Sociology
- Philosophy profoundly influences sociological thought, particularly through concepts like epistemology (nature of knowledge).
- Ontology (nature of existence) and sociology are integral components.
Key Philosophers and their Social Contract Theories
- Hobbes (1588-1679)
- Locke (1632-1704)
- Rousseau (1712-1778)
- Comte (1798-1857) proposed an evolutionary theory with stages (theological, metaphysical, scientific).
- Spencer (1820-1903) posited an evolutionary model of society. His theories illustrated a progression from incoherent homogeneity to coherent, heterogeneous societies. Division of labor was a prime component in his observations.
Functionalism
- Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts.
- Institutions such as family, health, religion and the economy are vital components of society.
- Positivism, a way of thinking based on tangible evidence like science, is key in understanding social behavior.
- Society comprises different institutions forming an organic whole.
Emile Durkheim's Sociological Insights
- Durkheim (1858-1917) focused on social structures influencing individuals.
- Collective conscience defines the beliefs, norms, and values of a community.
- Anomie occurs when individuals lack societal norms.
- The division of labor leads to interdependence and solidarity in modern societies.
- Mechanical and organic solidarity are two types of cohesion, born out of the organization of labor.
Talcott Parsons's Functionalist Perspective
- Parsons (1902-1979) viewed society as having essential needs (basic requirements) like goal attainment, adaptation, integration, and latency.
- He proposed pattern variables as a tool to analyze social behavior (e.g., ascription versus achievement).
- His work emphasizes the stability and equilibrium of society.
Robert K. Merton's Critique of Parsons
- Merton (1910-2003) critiqued Parsons's grand theories, promoting middle-range theories.
- He suggested not all elements of a social system are positive. He provided concepts like manifest and latent functions as part of his criticism and modifications of Parsonian thought.
- His work highlights the importance of considering both intended and unintended consequences within a society.
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Description
Explore how key philosophical concepts shape sociological thought. This quiz covers significant philosophers and their social contract theories, as well as the functionalist perspective on society. Test your understanding of how philosophy informs sociology's foundations.
