Influence of Philosophy on Sociology

Philosophical ideas about the origin and legitimacy of government, emphasizing the agreement between individuals and the state.

A sociological theory emphasizing the interconnectedness of social institutions and their functions in maintaining social order.

Shared beliefs, norms, and values within a society, providing a moral guide for individuals.

Social unity based on similarities among individuals; common values and activities.

Social unity based on differences in roles and functions, requiring interdependence.

Four essential needs for a social system's survival: Goal Attainment, Adaptation, Integration, and Latency.

A society's need to have shared goals and acceptable ways to achieve them.

A society's need to provide for its members' basic needs for survival.

A society's need to reduce conflict and create a sense of unity, maintaining social harmony.

Concepts that describe how societies organize themselves, concerning aspects like social roles, interactions, and values.

Ascription: status based on birth or kinship; Achievement: status based on merit or actions.

Merton critiqued Parsons' theories, arguing theories were too broad, lacked testability. Proposed middle-range theories.

Manifest function: intended effect; Latent function: unintended (either positive or negative) effect.

A continuous pattern of change that begins at birth and continues throughout life. It's not just about growing but also about learning, evolving, and adapting.

Development is a lifelong process - no single age period is more important than another.

Development involves many aspects like physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth.

Our capacity for change and adaptation throughout life. We can develop new skills and modify our behavior.

Understanding development requires input from various fields like psychology, biology, sociology, and anthropology.

Development is influenced by our environment - family, culture, society, and historical events.

Development involves not just growth but also preserving and managing our abilities as we age.

Piaget believed we develop through distinct stages, each defined by a different way of thinking and understanding the world.

Cognition encompasses mental activities such as thinking, reasoning, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Mental frameworks we use to organize and interpret information about the world.

Freud's first psychosexual stage, focused on pleasure from the mouth (e.g., sucking, biting). Libidinal energy is invested in the oral erogenous zones.

Freud's second stage, focused on pleasure and control around bowel movements. Frustration arises from the need to regulate bodily functions.

Freud's third stage, focused on the genitals and developing a sense of sexual identity. Sexual desires directed to the parent of the opposite sex. The child learns to repress these desires and incorporate the parent's values.

Freud's fourth stage, where sexual desires are at rest, and the focus shifts towards cognitive development and social skills.

Freud's final stage, marked by mature sexual development and the ability to form healthy relationships.

A strong emotional bond between a child and their caregiver, essential for healthy development.

A fear of unfamiliar people, common in babies.

Study showing infant monkeys prefer a soft, cloth mother over a wire mother with food, demonstrating the importance of comfort and contact in attachment.

A healthy attachment style where infants trust their caregiver and feel secure enough to explore their environment.

An unhealthy attachment style where infants feel anxious or avoidant towards their caregiver, leading to difficulty forming secure relationships.

Interpreting new experiences using existing knowledge and understanding (schemas).

Modifying existing knowledge (schemas) to incorporate new information.

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Children learn to use language but struggle with logical thinking. They have difficulty grasping concepts like conservation.

The inability to understand another person's perspective.

Children develop logical thinking about concrete events. They can perform simple mental math.

The ability to think abstractly, solve complex problems, and understand hypothetical situations.

Understanding the mental states of oneself and others, including their feelings, thoughts, and beliefs.

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, focusing on developing trust in caregivers.

The stage where adolescents explore different roles and identities to form a sense of self.