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Questions and Answers
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of mechanical solidarity?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of mechanical solidarity?
What does the term 'anomie' refer to in Durkheim's theory?
What does the term 'anomie' refer to in Durkheim's theory?
Which theory suggests that societal evolution progresses through three stages: theological, metaphysical, and scientific?
Which theory suggests that societal evolution progresses through three stages: theological, metaphysical, and scientific?
How does Durkheim view the relationship between the division of labor and social solidarity?
How does Durkheim view the relationship between the division of labor and social solidarity?
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What does the functionalist perspective emphasize regarding social institutions?
What does the functionalist perspective emphasize regarding social institutions?
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Which term describes the reliance on emotions and personal gratification in decision-making according to Talcott Parsons?
Which term describes the reliance on emotions and personal gratification in decision-making according to Talcott Parsons?
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What is the function of integration in Parsons' theory of social systems?
What is the function of integration in Parsons' theory of social systems?
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Which of the following describes pattern variable 'B' in Parsons' framework?
Which of the following describes pattern variable 'B' in Parsons' framework?
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What aspect of social systems does Robert K. Merton critique in Parson's theories?
What aspect of social systems does Robert K. Merton critique in Parson's theories?
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Latent functions, as defined by Merton, refer to which of the following?
Latent functions, as defined by Merton, refer to which of the following?
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What is a criticism of Parsons' focus on functionalism?
What is a criticism of Parsons' focus on functionalism?
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Which pattern variable emphasizes the importance of universal standards for all relationships?
Which pattern variable emphasizes the importance of universal standards for all relationships?
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In Parsons' functional prerequisites, which necessity relates to providing for the needs of society’s members?
In Parsons' functional prerequisites, which necessity relates to providing for the needs of society’s members?
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What does Herbert Spencer's theory suggest about the evolution of society?
What does Herbert Spencer's theory suggest about the evolution of society?
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Which philosopher is recognized for discussing the concept of collective conscience?
Which philosopher is recognized for discussing the concept of collective conscience?
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According to Durkheim, how does the division of labor affect social morality?
According to Durkheim, how does the division of labor affect social morality?
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What does the principle of positivism emphasize in the context of functionalism?
What does the principle of positivism emphasize in the context of functionalism?
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What are the two types of solidarity identified by Durkheim as produced by the division of labor?
What are the two types of solidarity identified by Durkheim as produced by the division of labor?
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What does the concept of 'Goal Attainment' refer to in Parsons' functional prerequisites?
What does the concept of 'Goal Attainment' refer to in Parsons' functional prerequisites?
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Which aspect is emphasized by the pattern variable 'Specificity' in Parsons' framework?
Which aspect is emphasized by the pattern variable 'Specificity' in Parsons' framework?
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What is the primary focus of Robert K. Merton's critique of Parsons' theories?
What is the primary focus of Robert K. Merton's critique of Parsons' theories?
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In Parsons' pattern variables, what does 'Achievement' signify?
In Parsons' pattern variables, what does 'Achievement' signify?
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Which of the following describes 'Latent Functions' as per Merton’s modification of Parsons' concept?
Which of the following describes 'Latent Functions' as per Merton’s modification of Parsons' concept?
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What role does 'Tension Management' play in Parsons' functional prerequisites?
What role does 'Tension Management' play in Parsons' functional prerequisites?
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Which pattern variable contrasts 'Particularism' with a broader approach to rules?
Which pattern variable contrasts 'Particularism' with a broader approach to rules?
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What is a key criticism of Parsons' emphasis on functionalism?
What is a key criticism of Parsons' emphasis on functionalism?
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What does the division of labor in modern society create, according to Durkheim?
What does the division of labor in modern society create, according to Durkheim?
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Which philosopher is known for the concept of organic solidarity?
Which philosopher is known for the concept of organic solidarity?
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What is the main focus of functionalism as described in the content?
What is the main focus of functionalism as described in the content?
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What does the term 'collective conscience' refer to in Durkheim's perspective?
What does the term 'collective conscience' refer to in Durkheim's perspective?
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Which of the following best describes Emile Durkheim's view on anomie?
Which of the following best describes Emile Durkheim's view on anomie?
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What is the main assertion of Parsons regarding Goal Attainment in society?
What is the main assertion of Parsons regarding Goal Attainment in society?
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Which of the following best defines 'Adaptation' in Parsons' functional prerequisites?
Which of the following best defines 'Adaptation' in Parsons' functional prerequisites?
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How does Merton's critique of Parsons relate to social systems?
How does Merton's critique of Parsons relate to social systems?
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What does the pattern variable 'Self Orientation' represent in Parsons' model?
What does the pattern variable 'Self Orientation' represent in Parsons' model?
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Which type of latency in Parsons' functional prerequisites helps in maintaining value consensus?
Which type of latency in Parsons' functional prerequisites helps in maintaining value consensus?
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What does Merton's concept of manifest functions focus on?
What does Merton's concept of manifest functions focus on?
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What aspect of Parsons' theory does the term 'Dysfunctionality' critique?
What aspect of Parsons' theory does the term 'Dysfunctionality' critique?
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Which pattern variable emphasizes specialized interactions according to Parsons?
Which pattern variable emphasizes specialized interactions according to Parsons?
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Study Notes
Influence of Philosophy on Sociology
- Philosophy influences sociology through various schools of thought, including social contract theory and functionalism.
- Key social contract theorists include Hobbes (1588-1679), Locke (1632-1704), and Rousseau (1712-1778).
- Auguste Comte (1798-1857) developed an evolutionary theory, including the Law of Three Stages (theological, metaphysical, and scientific).
- Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) also proposed an evolutionary theory of society, emphasizing the shift from incoherent to coherent heterogeneity, with division of labor.
- Functionalism highlights the interconnectedness of social institutions (family, health, society, religion, economy).
Functionalism
- Positivism utilizes natural science methods.
- Society is composed of various interconnected institutions.
- An approach to understanding how different social elements work together.
Key Contributors to Functionalism
- Emile Durkheim (1858-1917): Examined the structure of society's influence on individuals. Concepts include collective conscience, solidarity, and anomie.
- Talcott Parsons (1902-1979): Developed pattern variables (ascription vs achievement, diffuseness vs. specificity, particularism vs. universalism, affectivity vs. affective neutrality, and collective orientation vs. self-orientation) to understand social action. He believed that social systems have functional prerequisites (goal attainment, adaptation, integration, latency).
- Robert K. Merton (1910-2003): Critiqued Parsons, emphasizing manifest and latent functions, and proposing middle-range theories. This means focusing on particular aspects of society, instead of trying to explain every part at once.
Durkheim's Key Concepts
- Collective conscience: Shared beliefs, norms, and values within a society.
- Social solidarity: The degree of social cohesion and integration in a society.
- Anomie: A state of normlessness, often arising from societal change or disruption, where individuals feel disconnected from societal values.
- Division of labor: Interdependence among individuals in a society, resulting from specialization of tasks. This leads to organic solidarity (vs. prior mechanical solidarity).
Parsons' Concepts of Social Systems
- Pattern variables: Used to analyze social interaction and decision-making.
- Functional prerequisites: Fundamental needs that must be met to ensure a society's survival and stability. (goal attainment, adaptation, integration, latency)
- Social evolution: Societal development through adaptation and change.
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Description
Explore the impact of philosophy on sociology, examining key theories such as social contract theory and functionalism. Understand the contributions of renowned theorists like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Comte, and Durkheim. This quiz dives into the interconnectedness of social institutions and their roles within society.
