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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of eczema as described?
Which skin disorder is characterized by red or pink dry patches that shed easily?
What is a common triggering factor for eczema?
Which ingredient in traditional herbal treatment for skin disorders is known for its bactericidal activity?
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What common allergens may trigger eczema?
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How does Matricaria flower extract function in treating inflammatory skin conditions?
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Which part of the body does psoriasis commonly affect?
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What does chamazulene specifically inhibit in its action?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Hypericin in treating viral infections?
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Which theory does NOT contribute to the pathogenesis of vitiligo?
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What is the most widely used therapy for vitiligo?
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Which of the following natural product constituents is NOT associated with promoting melanin production?
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What type of compounds are primarily found in Green Tea related to vitiligo treatment?
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What is the primary anti-inflammatory mechanism of flavonoids such as isorhamnetin in calendula?
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Which major constituent found in witch hazel contributes to its ability to reduce water loss from the skin?
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What is the primary use of evening primrose oil in treating skin disorders?
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Which component in St. John's wort is primarily responsible for inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid?
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What role do triterpene saponins play in calendula's anti-inflammatory action?
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Which of the following constituents is NOT associated with evening primrose oil?
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What effect does high concentration of tannins have in witch hazel?
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What specific action does γ-linolenic acid have in the treatment of inflammation?
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What major constituent of Aloe vera gel is responsible for its anti-inflammatory action?
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Which skin condition is primarily caused by clogged hair follicles due to sebum?
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What external application concentration of tea tree oil is recommended for treating acne?
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Which constituent of tea tree oil is known for its antimicrobial activity?
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What is the primary action of Melissa (lemon balm) in treating skin diseases?
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Which condition is known to usually occur between the toes and result from fungal infection?
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How does Aloe vera gel help in skin hydration?
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What is a common symptom of herpes simplex infections?
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Which substance is a major constituent of Nigella sativa?
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What is the role of mannos-6-phosphate in wound healing?
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Which of the following is an effect of hyperforin found in St. John's wort?
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What major constituent is derived from lauric acid for treating skin depigmentation disorders?
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Which herb's major constituent is known to produce wound drying and speed healing?
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What is the major action of acemannan from Aloe vera gel?
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Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of Psoralea corylifolia?
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Which compound from Digitalis is known for its cardiotonic properties?
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Study Notes
Inflammatory Skin Disorders
- Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that can affect the face, hands, arms, and legs. It is common in young children, but can occur at any age. Causes include genetics, irritants (soaps, detergents, shampoos), allergens (house dust mites, pets, pollens), foods (dairy products, eggs, nuts, soy products, wheat), and stress.
- Symptoms of eczema include skin dryness, intense itching, exudations, swelling, and colonization by Staphylococcus aureus.
- Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that commonly affects elbows, knees, trunk, and scalp.
- Symptoms of psoriasis include red or pink dry patches with scaly or flaky shedding (white or silver scale).
Traditional Herbs Used in Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Disorders
- Chamomile contains volatile oil (α-bisabolol, matricin), flavonoids (apigenin), and has anti-inflammatory activity due to bisabolol and flavonoids inhibiting COX and 5-LOX.
- Calendula (Marigold) contains flavonoids (isorhamnetin), triterpenes (amyrin, faradiol ester), triterpene saponins (oleanolic acid glycosides), and has anti-inflammatory activity due to flavonoids inhibiting LOX, triterpene fraction reducing edema, and antimicrobial activity from its volatile oil.
- Hamamelis (Witch Hazel) contains tannins (hamamelitannin), proanthocyanidins, and gallic acid. It has anti-inflammatory activity due to hamamelitannin and proanthocyanidins inhibiting LOX, and acts as a humidifier due to high concentrations of tannins precipitating proteins to form a thin layer that decreases water loss from the skin.
- Evening Primrose Oil contains linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid, which is metabolized to di-homogamma linolenic acid, fighting inflammation by producing anti-inflammatory eicosanoids.
- Hypericum (St. John's Wort) contains napthodianthrones (hypericin), phloroglucinol (hyperforin), flavonoids (amentoflavone, hyperoside), and has anti-inflammatory activity due to hypericin inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid and leukotrienes.
- Aloe vera gel contains mucilage (acemannan, mannose 6-phosphate), sterols (β-sitosterol), and enzymes (bradykinase). It has anti-inflammatory activity due to mucilage, sterols, and lupeol inhibiting COX and reducing prostaglandin E2 production from arachidonic acid, and acts as a humidifier by hydrating and protecting skin.
Infectious Skin Diseases
- Acne is a skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become plugged with sebum, allowing bacterial growth and causing inflammation
- Tinea pedis (Athlete's Foot) is a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes. It commonly occurs in people whose feet become very sweaty.
- Herpes simplex can cause herpes labials (cold sores) and herpes zoster (shingles).
Traditional Herbs Used in Treatment of Infectious Skin Diseases
- Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca oil) contains volatile oil, terpene hydrocarbons, and monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, Terpinene-4-ol, and has antimicrobial activity.
- **Melissa (Lemon Balm)**contains polyphenols (hydroxycinnamic acids, rosmarinic acid), and volatile oil, with anti-viral activity from inhibiting replication of herpes simplex virus.
- **Hypericum (St. John's Wort)**contains napthodianthrones (hypericin), and has anti-viral activity due to hypericin inactivating viral fusion and syncytia formation.
Skin Depigmentation Disorder (Vitiligo)
- Vitiligo is a depigmenting disorder characterized by white patches in the skin. It is caused by autoimmune destruction of melanocytes.
- The main theories of vitiligo pathogenesis include the autoimmune theory, oxidative stress theory, neural theory (severe infections, neurological disorders), and biochemical theory (cytotoxic chemicals, trauma, UV exposure).
- Common therapies include local steroids and narrowband ultraviolet monotherapy.
- Natural products can promote melanin production by scavenging free radicals to alleviate damage to melanocytes caused by oxidative stress.
Traditional Herbs Used in Treatment of Vitiligo
- Green Tea contains flavonoids including Epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, and epigallocatechin.
- Liquiritin and Liquiritigenin are flavonoids found in licorice.
- Glycyrrhizin is a triterpene saponin found in licorice.
- Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki) contains iridoid glycosides such as Picroside I.
- Turmeric contains diarylheptanoid called Curcumin.
- Nigella sativa contains benzoquinone called Thymoquinone.
- Berberis vulgaris contains isoquinolone alkaloids called Berberine.
- Psoralea corylifolia (Cullen corylifolium) contains furocoumarin.
- Coconut Oil contains monolaurin, which is a derivative of lauric acid.
- Ammi visnaga contains furanochromone called Khellin, and is used in combination with ultraviolet light to treat vitiligo.
Wounds
- Collagen fibers are essential for wound healing.
Traditional Herbs Used for Treatment of Wounds
- Hypericum, Chamomile, Calendula, Witch Hazel, Aloe vera gel, β-sitosterol, and Digitalis are commonly used herbs for wound healing.
- Aloe vera gel contains acemannan and mannose-6-phosphate. Acemannan stimulates macrophage activity, and mannose-6-phosphate stimulates fibroblasts.
- Chamomile contains bisabolol, which produces wound drying and speeds healing.
- Hypericum contains hyperforin, which restores impaired epidermal organization by stimulating keratinocyte differentiation. Hypericum extracts accelerate healing by stimulating fibroblasts and collagen biosynthesis.
- Digitalis contains cardiotonic steroids such as ouabain and digoxin. These steroids induce greater amounts of collagen.
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Description
Explore the various types of inflammatory skin disorders such as eczema and psoriasis. This quiz covers their causes, symptoms, and treatments including traditional herb remedies like chamomile. Test your knowledge on this important aspect of dermatological health.
