Inflammatory Responses and Immune System Basics

<p>Plasma membrane receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bind to and combat microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By recognizing foreign invaders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causing tissue damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphangitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphadenitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows plasma proteins and leukocytes to enter tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphangitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hours to days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bactericidal proteins and proteases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of chromatin and cell death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lose their nuclei and die (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histones and associated DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocyte-dependent inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During sepsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amplification of injury effects in tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocyte-mediated tissue injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opening of new capillary beds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exudation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation and increased blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engorgement of small vessels with slowly moving red cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outpouring of protein-rich fluid into tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slower blood flow and concentration of red cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High protein concentration and cellular debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of endothelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They filter extravascular fluids and drain excess fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and increased leukocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of red streaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They proliferate to handle increased load. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes fluid accumulation or edema. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes and macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degranulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Years in tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is rapidly induced by the assembly of phagocyte oxidase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged and slower response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokine production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages induce it after transcriptional activation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue-resident macrophages live longer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages produce cytokines as a major response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degranulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both originate from hematopoietic stem cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A process that helps protect multicellular organisms from microbes and cell damage. It involves a series of coordinated steps to eliminate harmful substances and initiate tissue repair.

The initial step in inflammation that triggers the cascade of events. This recognition is performed by cells and receptors that bind to microbial components or substances released from damaged cells.

A complex response that involves changes in blood vessels and the recruitment of white blood cells to the site of injury.

Molecules that initiate and regulate the inflammatory response. They are derived from plasma proteins and various cells.

A group of receptors found on cells that recognize specific patterns associated with microbes or cellular damage. They play a critical role in triggering inflammation.

A family of receptors found on different cell types that recognize and respond to specific microbial components. TLRs can trigger a cascade of events that lead to the activation of immune cells and inflammation.

The process of removing the injurious agent from the site of inflammation. This can involve phagocytosis by immune cells or other mechanisms.

The process of controlling and ending the inflammatory response to prevent excessive damage. This includes mechanisms that dampen or shut down the inflammatory cascade.

The process of moving plasma proteins and leukocytes out of the bloodstream and into the site of injury or infection.

Fluid that has a high protein concentration and cellular debris, found outside of blood vessels.

Dilation of blood vessels, primarily arterioles, increasing blood flow to the site of inflammation.

Increased permeability of blood vessels, allowing fluid and proteins to leak into the extravascular space.

The slowing down of blood flow due to increased viscosity and vessel diameter.

The force pushing fluid out of blood vessels into the tissues.

The force pulling fluid back into blood vessels from the tissues.

The localized redness in inflamed tissue caused by increased blood flow.

Delayed leakage of fluid from blood vessels, lasting hours or days, often caused by endothelial damage or contraction.

Fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues due to inflammation.

The process of lymphatic vessels becoming inflamed.

Inflammation of the lymph nodes, often characterized by enlargement.

The increased flow of lymph during inflammation, helping to drain edema fluid and remove debris.

The collection of changes in the lymph nodes during inflammation, including hyperplasia of follicles and increased lymphocytes and macrophages.

The process of lymphatic vessels growing to handle the increased load during inflammation.

Red streaks near a skin wound, a sign of bacterial infection.

A buildup of fluid in a tissue. This can be caused by increased vascular permeability, leading to fluid leakage.

A type of white blood cell that quickly responds to inflammation by engulfing and destroying pathogens, dying soon after.

A type of white blood cell that lives longer, has a more nuanced response, and helps clean up debris after inflammation.

The process where a cell, like a neutrophil or macrophage, engulfs and destroys a foreign particle or pathogen.

A membrane-bound vesicle inside a cell that contains a particle to be digested.

A specialized organelle in cells that holds powerful enzymes for breaking down waste and harmful substances.

A type of lysosome found in white blood cells that contains enzymes specifically designed to break down pathogens and debris.

The process of releasing the contents of a vesicle or organelle outside the cell, like when lysosomal granules release their enzymes.

A powerful chemical that helps kill bacteria and other pathogens, generated by white blood cells during inflammation.

A gas molecule produced by certain white blood cells to fight infection.

A process where neutrophil DNA and other cellular components are released outside the cell to trap and kill pathogens.

A type of cell death that occurs in neutrophils, where they release their own DNA and proteins to form a net-like structure that traps and kills pathogens.

NETs are formed from the DNA and proteins released by dying neutrophils. These traps act as a physical barrier and a source of antimicrobial substances, helping to neutralize pathogens.

NETs can release substances like histones and DNA that can damage host tissues, potentially contributing to autoimmune diseases like lupus.

Leukocytes, especially neutrophils, are crucial for fighting off infections but can also harm host tissues if their inflammatory response is uncontrolled or misdirected.

During NETosis, neutrophils release their nuclear contents, including their DNA, which becomes part of the NET structure.

NETs can trap pathogens, preventing them from spreading and causing further damage.

The release of nuclear material from dying neutrophils can trigger an inflammatory response.

NETosis is a crucial defense mechanism against infections, but it can also have unwanted consequences, like contributing to autoimmune diseases.