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What is the first step in inflammatory reactions?
What is the first step in inflammatory reactions?
Which components are primarily activated during the inflammatory response?
Which components are primarily activated during the inflammatory response?
What do the five R’s of the inflammatory response include?
What do the five R’s of the inflammatory response include?
What type of receptors recognize extracellular microbes?
What type of receptors recognize extracellular microbes?
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What is the primary function of collectins in the immune response?
What is the primary function of collectins in the immune response?
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How do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to immunity?
How do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to immunity?
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What potential negative effect can inflammation have?
What potential negative effect can inflammation have?
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Which cellular compartment is NOT associated with the recognition of foreign invaders?
Which cellular compartment is NOT associated with the recognition of foreign invaders?
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What does the presence of streaks in the lymphatic channels indicate?
What does the presence of streaks in the lymphatic channels indicate?
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What is indicated by the painful enlargement of draining lymph nodes?
What is indicated by the painful enlargement of draining lymph nodes?
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Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for vasodilation during acute inflammation?
Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for vasodilation during acute inflammation?
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What effect does increased vascular permeability have on the inflammatory process?
What effect does increased vascular permeability have on the inflammatory process?
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Which mechanism can lead to gaps between endothelial cells?
Which mechanism can lead to gaps between endothelial cells?
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What is a likely consequence of fluid leak from blood vessels during inflammation?
What is a likely consequence of fluid leak from blood vessels during inflammation?
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Which condition is characterized by both redness and swelling in lymphatic vessels?
Which condition is characterized by both redness and swelling in lymphatic vessels?
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What is the typical duration of the increased vascular permeability response?
What is the typical duration of the increased vascular permeability response?
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What do larger azurophil granules contain?
What do larger azurophil granules contain?
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What is the result of chromatin decondensation in activated neutrophils?
What is the result of chromatin decondensation in activated neutrophils?
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What happens to neutrophils during the formation of NETs?
What happens to neutrophils during the formation of NETs?
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Which substance released in NETs may damage host cells?
Which substance released in NETs may damage host cells?
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What can result from the inappropriate reaction of individuals to their own DNA in systemic autoimmune diseases?
What can result from the inappropriate reaction of individuals to their own DNA in systemic autoimmune diseases?
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In which context have NETs been detected?
In which context have NETs been detected?
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What does the release of nuclear material from neutrophils contribute to?
What does the release of nuclear material from neutrophils contribute to?
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What can unchecked leukocyte infiltrate lead to in human diseases?
What can unchecked leukocyte infiltrate lead to in human diseases?
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What is the initial effect of vasodilation in acute inflammation?
What is the initial effect of vasodilation in acute inflammation?
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What is termed when fluid, proteins, and blood cells escape from the vascular system into interstitial tissues?
What is termed when fluid, proteins, and blood cells escape from the vascular system into interstitial tissues?
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What causes the characteristic heat and redness associated with inflammation?
What causes the characteristic heat and redness associated with inflammation?
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Which mediator primarily induces vasodilation during acute inflammation?
Which mediator primarily induces vasodilation during acute inflammation?
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What does stasis refer to in the context of acute inflammation?
What does stasis refer to in the context of acute inflammation?
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What is the effect of increased permeability of microvasculature during inflammation?
What is the effect of increased permeability of microvasculature during inflammation?
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Which physiological change accompanies the escape of fluid into extravascular tissues during inflammation?
Which physiological change accompanies the escape of fluid into extravascular tissues during inflammation?
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of an exudate in acute inflammation?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of an exudate in acute inflammation?
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What is a potential cause of delayed vascular leakage in mild injuries?
What is a potential cause of delayed vascular leakage in mild injuries?
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Which of the following best describes the role of lymphatic vessels in inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the role of lymphatic vessels in inflammation?
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What is 'reactive lymphadenitis' characterized by?
What is 'reactive lymphadenitis' characterized by?
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What notable sign might indicate a bacterial infection near a skin wound?
What notable sign might indicate a bacterial infection near a skin wound?
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What happens to lymphatic vessels during inflammatory reactions?
What happens to lymphatic vessels during inflammatory reactions?
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What is a classic example of injury that results in late vascular leakage?
What is a classic example of injury that results in late vascular leakage?
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What effect does increased vascular permeability have during inflammation?
What effect does increased vascular permeability have during inflammation?
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Which cell types increase in number during inflammatory lymphadenitis?
Which cell types increase in number during inflammatory lymphadenitis?
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What is the primary response of neutrophils to activating stimuli?
What is the primary response of neutrophils to activating stimuli?
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Which of the following accurately describes the lifespan of tissue-resident macrophages?
Which of the following accurately describes the lifespan of tissue-resident macrophages?
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Which statement is true regarding the production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils?
Which statement is true regarding the production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils?
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What characterizes the response of macrophages to activating stimuli compared to neutrophils?
What characterizes the response of macrophages to activating stimuli compared to neutrophils?
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Which of the following is a major functional activity of macrophages?
Which of the following is a major functional activity of macrophages?
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What is the role of nitric oxide in macrophages compared to neutrophils?
What is the role of nitric oxide in macrophages compared to neutrophils?
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How do the lifespans of inflammatory macrophages compare to tissue-resident macrophages?
How do the lifespans of inflammatory macrophages compare to tissue-resident macrophages?
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What distinguishes the cytokine production of neutrophils from that of macrophages?
What distinguishes the cytokine production of neutrophils from that of macrophages?
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Which of the following actions is less prominent in macrophages compared to neutrophils?
Which of the following actions is less prominent in macrophages compared to neutrophils?
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Which property is common for both neutrophils and macrophages regarding their origin?
Which property is common for both neutrophils and macrophages regarding their origin?
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Study Notes
Overview of Inflammation: Definitions and General Features
- Inflammation is a protective response of vascularized tissues, delivering leukocytes and molecules of host defense to sites of infection or cell damage.
- It is essential for survival, removing harmful agents like microbes or toxins, as well as the consequences of injury.
- Inflammation involves phagocytic leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins that are normally in a resting state in the blood.
- The process of inflammation quickly recruits cells and proteins from circulation to the site of infection or injury.
- Inflammation involves a series of sequential steps to initiate the response.
Historical Highlights
- Clinical features of inflammation were described in ancient Egyptian texts from around 3000 B.C.
- The Roman writer, Celsus, in the first century AD, listed the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, and pain).
- Rudolf Virchow, in the 19th century, added a fifth sign: loss of function (functio laesa).
- John Hunter understood that inflammation itself is not a disease, but rather a response with beneficial effects for the host.
- Elie Metchnikoff, through his observations on phagocytosis, proposed inflammation to ingest and destroy invading pathogens.
- Sir Thomas Lewis associated histamine with the vascular changes of inflammation.
Causes of Inflammation
- Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) and microbial toxins are common and medically significant triggers for inflammation.
- Tissue necrosis, regardless of the cause (ischemia, trauma, chemicals), leads to inflammatory responses.
- Foreign bodies (splinters, dirt, sutures) can elicit inflammation, often because they cause trauma or carry microbes.
- Immune reactions create an inflammation response and are implicated in autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity reactions.
Acute Inflammation
- Acute inflammation consists of three major components: dilation of small vessels, increased permeability of microvasculature, and leukocyte emigration.
- Changes in blood vessel flow and permeability are crucial for efficient inflammatory response.
- Acute inflammation is triggered by various substances like microbes, dead cells, and cytokines.
- The response typically occurs within minutes to days and helps to eliminate the offending agent.
Leukocyte Recruitment to Sites of Inflammation
- Leukocytes, primarily neutrophils and macrophages, migrate from the bloodstream to the site of injury or infection.
- The process involves rolling, adhesion, and transmigration through vessel walls.
- Various molecules and cytokines are involved in this process, including adhesion molecules like selectins and integrins.
- Chemokines are chemical messengers that signal the leukocytes to move towards the site of inflammation.
Phagocytosis and Clearance of the Offending Agent
- Phagocytosis is the ingestion of microbes and debris by leukocytes.
- Phagocytes express receptors that recognize microbes and initiate a sequence of steps to destroy the ingested material.
- Microbicidal elements like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) destroy engulfed microbes and cell debris within lysosomal granules.
- Lysosomal enzymes contribute to microbial killing.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of inflammatory reactions and the immune response. Key topics include components involved in inflammation, receptor recognition of pathogens, and the effects of inflammation on the body. Test your knowledge of the five R's of inflammation and more!
