Podcast
Questions and Answers
What types of injury can trigger inflammation?
What types of injury can trigger inflammation?
- Physical and chemical only
- Physical, chemical, biological, and radiation
- Physical, chemical, and biological only
- Physical, chemical, biological, and psychological (correct)
Which of the following is not listed as a type of physical immunological insult?
Which of the following is not listed as a type of physical immunological insult?
- Radiation
- Frostbite
- Viruses (correct)
- Physical trauma
What is stated as the environment in which leukocytes perform at their best?
What is stated as the environment in which leukocytes perform at their best?
- Chronic inflammation
- Sepsis
- Aseptic tissue repair
- Inflammation (correct)
Which of the following is NOT listed as a chemical immunological insult?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a chemical immunological insult?
What does the text suggest about the relationship between immune responses and inflammation?
What does the text suggest about the relationship between immune responses and inflammation?
According to the text, what types of injuries will be addressed in a separate series of activities provided by pathologists?
According to the text, what types of injuries will be addressed in a separate series of activities provided by pathologists?
Which chemotactic factors enhance phagocytic cell recruitment?
Which chemotactic factors enhance phagocytic cell recruitment?
What effect does tumor necrosis factor α and prostagandins have on postcapillary veinules?
What effect does tumor necrosis factor α and prostagandins have on postcapillary veinules?
Which molecules stimulate the expression of selectins and their ligands on endothelial cells and circulating leukocytes?
Which molecules stimulate the expression of selectins and their ligands on endothelial cells and circulating leukocytes?
What process enables leukocytes to leave the bloodstream and reach sites of infection or inflammation?
What process enables leukocytes to leave the bloodstream and reach sites of infection or inflammation?
What do leukocytes follow along the extracellular matrix in order to migrate?
What do leukocytes follow along the extracellular matrix in order to migrate?
What is the interrelationship between the acute inflammatory response and the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
What is the interrelationship between the acute inflammatory response and the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
What stimulates the expression of tissue factor (TF) on the surface of endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages?
What stimulates the expression of tissue factor (TF) on the surface of endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages?
Which factor leads to the activation of factor VII (factor VIIa) in the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
Which factor leads to the activation of factor VII (factor VIIa) in the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
What is stimulated by thrombin stimulation of platelets in the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
What is stimulated by thrombin stimulation of platelets in the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
What stimulates leukocytes and endothelial cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6?
What stimulates leukocytes and endothelial cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6?
What do vasoactive peptides such as bradykinin induce?
What do vasoactive peptides such as bradykinin induce?
What is a strong vasodilator capable of inducing vascular leakage?
What is a strong vasodilator capable of inducing vascular leakage?
Which type of macrophages is mainly involved in tissue repair?
Which type of macrophages is mainly involved in tissue repair?
What is the primary function of M1 macrophages?
What is the primary function of M1 macrophages?
Which cells are the products of adaptive immunity and can be a source of IFN-γ during the innate stage of the immune response?
Which cells are the products of adaptive immunity and can be a source of IFN-γ during the innate stage of the immune response?
Which signal is absolutely necessary for macrophage activation for microbial killing?
Which signal is absolutely necessary for macrophage activation for microbial killing?
What type of cells respond to macrophage synthesis and release of IL-12 by synthesizing and releasing IFN-γ?
What type of cells respond to macrophage synthesis and release of IL-12 by synthesizing and releasing IFN-γ?
Which type of cells are involved in pro-inflammatory responses and pathogen clearance?
Which type of cells are involved in pro-inflammatory responses and pathogen clearance?
What is the primary function of M2 macrophages?
What is the primary function of M2 macrophages?
Which cells are the cellular sources of IFN-γ during the innate stage of the immune response?
Which cells are the cellular sources of IFN-γ during the innate stage of the immune response?
What signal is necessary for macrophage activation for microbial killing, apart from IFN-γ?
What signal is necessary for macrophage activation for microbial killing, apart from IFN-γ?
Which cells respond to macrophage synthesis and release of IL-12 by synthesizing and releasing IFN-γ?
Which cells respond to macrophage synthesis and release of IL-12 by synthesizing and releasing IFN-γ?
Which type of cells are mainly involved in tissue repair and immune regulation?
Which type of cells are mainly involved in tissue repair and immune regulation?
What is the primary function of classically activated macrophages (M1)?
What is the primary function of classically activated macrophages (M1)?
Which of the following is required to activate macrophages?
Which of the following is required to activate macrophages?
What is the function of IL-12 cytokine?
What is the function of IL-12 cytokine?
Which cytokine is responsible for the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
Which cytokine is responsible for the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
What is the role of endothelial cells in inflammation?
What is the role of endothelial cells in inflammation?
What is the function of IFN-γ cytokine?
What is the function of IFN-γ cytokine?
Which cytokine induces antiviral mediators?
Which cytokine induces antiviral mediators?
What are the non-specific signs and symptoms induced by proinflammatory cytokines released systemically?
What are the non-specific signs and symptoms induced by proinflammatory cytokines released systemically?
Which complement fragment is involved in the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
Which complement fragment is involved in the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
What is the function of TNF-α cytokine?
What is the function of TNF-α cytokine?
What is the role of neutrophils in inflammation?
What is the role of neutrophils in inflammation?
What is the function of IL-33 cytokine?
What is the function of IL-33 cytokine?
What is the function of TNF-α cytokine?
What is the function of TNF-α cytokine?
What is the function of the inflammasome?
What is the function of the inflammasome?
Which of the following is not a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)?
Which of the following is not a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)?
What is the main role of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in inflammasome activation?
What is the main role of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in inflammasome activation?
Which type of cells contain inflammasomes?
Which type of cells contain inflammasomes?
What is the function of alarmins and stressorins in the inflammatory response?
What is the function of alarmins and stressorins in the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is a soluble inflammatory mediator?
Which of the following is a soluble inflammatory mediator?
What does PRR stand for in the context of the text?
What does PRR stand for in the context of the text?
Which pathway is triggered by the engagement of the InterLeukin-1-Receptor (IL-1R) on the surface of macrophages?
Which pathway is triggered by the engagement of the InterLeukin-1-Receptor (IL-1R) on the surface of macrophages?
What is the main target of the nuclear cytokine IL-33?
What is the main target of the nuclear cytokine IL-33?
What cellular injury releases DAMPs that attract tissue-resident phagocytic cells?
What cellular injury releases DAMPs that attract tissue-resident phagocytic cells?
What activates pro-IL-1ß by cleavage into biologically active IL-1ß?
What activates pro-IL-1ß by cleavage into biologically active IL-1ß?
What signaling pathway do Scavenger Receptors (SRs) activate?
What signaling pathway do Scavenger Receptors (SRs) activate?
What is engaged by IL-1ß released by the stimulated cell, triggering the activation of IL-1ß-responsive genes?
What is engaged by IL-1ß released by the stimulated cell, triggering the activation of IL-1ß-responsive genes?
Which transcription factors are activated by the combined effect of NF-κB pathway and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway?
Which transcription factors are activated by the combined effect of NF-κB pathway and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway?
What do Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and CXCL8 (IL-8) belong to in the inflammatory cascade?
What do Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and CXCL8 (IL-8) belong to in the inflammatory cascade?
What is involved in many autoimmune diseases due to gain of function of elements?
What is involved in many autoimmune diseases due to gain of function of elements?
What are mainly induced by the working of soluble complement fragments, C5a & C3a, on microvasculature?
What are mainly induced by the working of soluble complement fragments, C5a & C3a, on microvasculature?
What does inflammation initiate in addition to vasodilation and fluid influx?
What does inflammation initiate in addition to vasodilation and fluid influx?
What induces clotting mechanisms influencing immune cell recruitment and tissue repair?
What induces clotting mechanisms influencing immune cell recruitment and tissue repair?
Which type of macrophages is mainly involved in tissue repair and immune regulation?
Which type of macrophages is mainly involved in tissue repair and immune regulation?
What is the main target of the nuclear cytokine IL-33?
What is the main target of the nuclear cytokine IL-33?
What does vasoactive peptides such as bradykinin induce?
What does vasoactive peptides such as bradykinin induce?
What is engaged by IL-1ß released by the stimulated cell, triggering the activation of IL-1ß-responsive genes?
What is engaged by IL-1ß released by the stimulated cell, triggering the activation of IL-1ß-responsive genes?
What is involved in many autoimmune diseases due to gain of function of elements?
What is involved in many autoimmune diseases due to gain of function of elements?
What is required to activate macrophages?
What is required to activate macrophages?
What is the function of IL-1ß cytokine?
What is the function of IL-1ß cytokine?
What is the primary function of IL-6 cytokine?
What is the primary function of IL-6 cytokine?
What is the main role of IL-33 cytokine?
What is the main role of IL-33 cytokine?
What is the function of IL-2 cytokine?
What is the function of IL-2 cytokine?
What is the primary function of TNF-α cytokine?
What is the primary function of TNF-α cytokine?
What is engaged by IL-1ß released by the stimulated cell, triggering the activation of IL-1ß-responsive genes?
What is engaged by IL-1ß released by the stimulated cell, triggering the activation of IL-1ß-responsive genes?
Which type of cells respond to macrophage synthesis and release of IL-12 by synthesizing and releasing IFN-γ?
Which type of cells respond to macrophage synthesis and release of IL-12 by synthesizing and releasing IFN-γ?
What is the main function of M1 macrophages?
What is the main function of M1 macrophages?
What is the role of endothelial cells in inflammation?
What is the role of endothelial cells in inflammation?
Which factor leads to the activation of factor VII (factor VIIa) in the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
Which factor leads to the activation of factor VII (factor VIIa) in the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
Which type of cells contain inflammasomes?
Which type of cells contain inflammasomes?
What stimulates the expression of tissue factor (TF) on the surface of endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages?
What stimulates the expression of tissue factor (TF) on the surface of endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages?
What is the primary function of classically activated macrophages (M1)?
What is the primary function of classically activated macrophages (M1)?
Which pathway is triggered by the engagement of the InterLeukin-1-Receptor (IL-1R) on the surface of macrophages?
Which pathway is triggered by the engagement of the InterLeukin-1-Receptor (IL-1R) on the surface of macrophages?
What process enables leukocytes to leave the bloodstream and reach sites of infection or inflammation?
What process enables leukocytes to leave the bloodstream and reach sites of infection or inflammation?
What is the function of alarmins and stressorins in the inflammatory response?
What is the function of alarmins and stressorins in the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is a soluble inflammatory mediator?
Which of the following is a soluble inflammatory mediator?
What is the main role of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in inflammasome activation?
What is the main role of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in inflammasome activation?
What does inflammation initiate in addition to vasodilation and fluid influx?
What does inflammation initiate in addition to vasodilation and fluid influx?
What cytokine induces antiviral mediators?
What cytokine induces antiviral mediators?
What is involved in many autoimmune diseases due to gain of function of elements?
What is involved in many autoimmune diseases due to gain of function of elements?
Which complement fragment is involved in the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
Which complement fragment is involved in the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
What signaling pathway do Scavenger Receptors (SRs) activate?
What signaling pathway do Scavenger Receptors (SRs) activate?
What are the non-specific signs and symptoms induced by proinflammatory cytokines released systemically?
What are the non-specific signs and symptoms induced by proinflammatory cytokines released systemically?
What is the alternative nomenclature for designating the C3 convertase?
What is the alternative nomenclature for designating the C3 convertase?
According to the text, what is the primary function of C2b fragment?
According to the text, what is the primary function of C2b fragment?
Why do many authors wish to maintain a coherent and logical nomenclature system based on released fragments being attributed to the ‘a’ suffix and the bound catalytically-active fragments, the suffix ‘b’?
Why do many authors wish to maintain a coherent and logical nomenclature system based on released fragments being attributed to the ‘a’ suffix and the bound catalytically-active fragments, the suffix ‘b’?
What is the suffix given to the smaller fragment that is released and solubilized?
What is the suffix given to the smaller fragment that is released and solubilized?
Which complement fragment is involved in the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
Which complement fragment is involved in the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
What is deeply rooted and commonly in use, but considered one and the same?
What is deeply rooted and commonly in use, but considered one and the same?
What does the larger catalytic fragment remaining attached to C4b was named initially in the report on the activity of C2?
What does the larger catalytic fragment remaining attached to C4b was named initially in the report on the activity of C2?
Why do some authors develop alternative nomenclature by renaming the larger catalytic fragment C2b and the smaller released fragment C2a?
Why do some authors develop alternative nomenclature by renaming the larger catalytic fragment C2b and the smaller released fragment C2a?
What is considered to be rooted in semantics exclusively?
What is considered to be rooted in semantics exclusively?
What was established as a result of both nomenclatures being deeply rooted and commonly in use?
What was established as a result of both nomenclatures being deeply rooted and commonly in use?
What is the main function of the B cell receptor (BCR)?
What is the main function of the B cell receptor (BCR)?
Which molecules confer the signaling capacity leading to the B cell’s response?
Which molecules confer the signaling capacity leading to the B cell’s response?
What is the primary function of Complement Receptor type 1 (CR1)?
What is the primary function of Complement Receptor type 1 (CR1)?
Which receptor is involved in trapping antigens in germinal centers?
Which receptor is involved in trapping antigens in germinal centers?
What is the common pathway for the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the complement cascades?
What is the common pathway for the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the complement cascades?
In which complement cascade is the central event the cleavage of C3 by C3 convertase?
In which complement cascade is the central event the cleavage of C3 by C3 convertase?
What initiates the classical pathway of the complement system?
What initiates the classical pathway of the complement system?
Which molecule becomes coated with many molecules of C3b due to complement activation?
Which molecule becomes coated with many molecules of C3b due to complement activation?
What are primarily involved in phagocytosis among the complement receptors?
What are primarily involved in phagocytosis among the complement receptors?
Where are mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, B and T cells primarily distributed?
Where are mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, B and T cells primarily distributed?
Which of the following is the primary function of opsonization?
Which of the following is the primary function of opsonization?
What triggers the lectin pathway of the complement cascade?
What triggers the lectin pathway of the complement cascade?
What is the main role of complement-mediated cytolysis?
What is the main role of complement-mediated cytolysis?
Which complement fragment is involved in the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
Which complement fragment is involved in the activation of mast cells and chemotaxis?
What is the function of complement fragment 3d (C3d) in the immune response?
What is the function of complement fragment 3d (C3d) in the immune response?
What triggers the classical pathway of the complement cascade?
What triggers the classical pathway of the complement cascade?
What is the essential function of opsonins in the immune response?
What is the essential function of opsonins in the immune response?
Which complement proteins are primarily synthesized by hepatocytes?
Which complement proteins are primarily synthesized by hepatocytes?
What is the theoretical trigger for the alternative (alternate) pathway of the complement cascade?
What is the theoretical trigger for the alternative (alternate) pathway of the complement cascade?
How are most complement proteins activated to become active proteases?
How are most complement proteins activated to become active proteases?
What is the main function of soluble complement fragments C3a and C5a released in an inflamed site?
What is the main function of soluble complement fragments C3a and C5a released in an inflamed site?
Which chemokine is responsible for the chemotaxis of monocytes and macrophages, T lymphocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells?
Which chemokine is responsible for the chemotaxis of monocytes and macrophages, T lymphocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells?
Which cytokine primarily induces antiviral mediators?
Which cytokine primarily induces antiviral mediators?
Which chemokine mainly signals through CCR6 and is responsible for the chemotaxis of activated B cells, memory T cells, and immature dendritic cells in mucosa and skin?
Which chemokine mainly signals through CCR6 and is responsible for the chemotaxis of activated B cells, memory T cells, and immature dendritic cells in mucosa and skin?
Which cytokine is involved in the proliferation and activation of eosinophils and is linked to Type I hypersensitivity reactions and asthma?
Which cytokine is involved in the proliferation and activation of eosinophils and is linked to Type I hypersensitivity reactions and asthma?
What cytokine is responsible for the proliferation of NK and T lymphocyte progenitors?
What cytokine is responsible for the proliferation of NK and T lymphocyte progenitors?
Which chemokine primarily signals through CXCR3 and is responsible for the chemotaxis of monocytes and macrophages, T lymphocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells?
Which chemokine primarily signals through CXCR3 and is responsible for the chemotaxis of monocytes and macrophages, T lymphocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells?
What is the main function of VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A)?
What is the main function of VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A)?
Which cytokine is mainly responsible for the inhibition of IL-12 expression?
Which cytokine is mainly responsible for the inhibition of IL-12 expression?
What is the primary function of platelet-activating factor (PAF)?
What is the primary function of platelet-activating factor (PAF)?
What is the main role of GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor)?
What is the main role of GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor)?
What is the primary function of IFN-ß (Type I IFN)?
What is the primary function of IFN-ß (Type I IFN)?
What is the main function of CCL4 (MIP-1ß or macrophage inflammatory protein 1-ß)?
What is the main function of CCL4 (MIP-1ß or macrophage inflammatory protein 1-ß)?
What is the alternative nomenclature for C4bC2a (syn. C4b2a) C3 convertase, as mentioned in the passage?
What is the alternative nomenclature for C4bC2a (syn. C4b2a) C3 convertase, as mentioned in the passage?
Which fragment is given the suffix 'a' by convention, as mentioned in the passage?
Which fragment is given the suffix 'a' by convention, as mentioned in the passage?
Why do many authors develop alternative nomenclature for C2a/C2b as mentioned in the passage?
Why do many authors develop alternative nomenclature for C2a/C2b as mentioned in the passage?
What was the larger catalytic fragment renamed to in the alternative nomenclature, as mentioned in the passage?
What was the larger catalytic fragment renamed to in the alternative nomenclature, as mentioned in the passage?
What is the smaller released fragment renamed to in the alternative nomenclature, as mentioned in the passage?
What is the smaller released fragment renamed to in the alternative nomenclature, as mentioned in the passage?
What is the suffix given to the larger catalytic fragment by convention, as mentioned in the passage?
What is the suffix given to the larger catalytic fragment by convention, as mentioned in the passage?
Which of the following is a function of opsonins in the immune response?
Which of the following is a function of opsonins in the immune response?
Associate the complement receptor CR1 with its function(s):
Associate the complement receptor CR1 with its function(s):
Associate the C5 convertase with the correct complement activation pathway(s):
Associate the C5 convertase with the correct complement activation pathway(s):
Which serine proteases are responsible for C4 and C2 proteolysis in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
Which serine proteases are responsible for C4 and C2 proteolysis in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
Associate the convertase with its substrate:
Associate the convertase with its substrate:
What is the composition of the membrane-attack complex (MAC)?
What is the composition of the membrane-attack complex (MAC)?
Associate the inhibitor with the correct complement activation pathway(s):
Associate the inhibitor with the correct complement activation pathway(s):
A patient with a suspected complement deficiency has his complement activity tested. Both the CH50 and AH50 return results below normal values. A deficiency in which complement component could explain these results?
A patient with a suspected complement deficiency has his complement activity tested. Both the CH50 and AH50 return results below normal values. A deficiency in which complement component could explain these results?
A patient with a suspected complement deficiency has his complement activity tested. The CH50 returns results consistent with normal function but the AH50 returns results below normal values. A deficiency in which complement component could explain these results?
A patient with a suspected complement deficiency has his complement activity tested. The CH50 returns results consistent with normal function but the AH50 returns results below normal values. A deficiency in which complement component could explain these results?
What is an opsonin?
What is an opsonin?
Associate the complement receptor with its function(s): CR2
Associate the complement receptor with its function(s): CR2
What initiates the alternative pathway of the complement system?
What initiates the alternative pathway of the complement system?
What is the role of properdin in the alternative complement pathway?
What is the role of properdin in the alternative complement pathway?
What triggers the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What triggers the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What is the function of the C5 convertase in the complement system?
What is the function of the C5 convertase in the complement system?
What is the role of plasma lectins or ficolins in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What is the role of plasma lectins or ficolins in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What triggers the spontaneous cleavage of C3 in the alternative pathway?
What triggers the spontaneous cleavage of C3 in the alternative pathway?
What is the function of Factor D in the alternative complement pathway?
What is the function of Factor D in the alternative complement pathway?
What leads to binding of C3b to the activating surface in the alternative pathway?
What leads to binding of C3b to the activating surface in the alternative pathway?
What is the primary function of the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What is the primary function of the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What is required for further amplification stages in the alternative complement pathway?
What is required for further amplification stages in the alternative complement pathway?
What is the role of C3a and C5a in the immune response?
What is the role of C3a and C5a in the immune response?
Which protein prevents the formation of excessive C3 convertases by binding to C4b?
Which protein prevents the formation of excessive C3 convertases by binding to C4b?
Which cell surface protein regulates the complement system by accelerating the decay of C3 and C5 convertases?
Which cell surface protein regulates the complement system by accelerating the decay of C3 and C5 convertases?
Which protein acts as a cofactor for Factor I that leads to inactivation of C3b and C4b?
Which protein acts as a cofactor for Factor I that leads to inactivation of C3b and C4b?
Which protein promotes the decay of C3 convertases and enhances the clearance of C3b from host cell surfaces?
Which protein promotes the decay of C3 convertases and enhances the clearance of C3b from host cell surfaces?
What is the primary function of CD59 (Protectin) in the complement system?
What is the primary function of CD59 (Protectin) in the complement system?
Which deficiency contributes to a greater susceptibility to infections in which the membrane-attack complex is an important defense mechanism?
Which deficiency contributes to a greater susceptibility to infections in which the membrane-attack complex is an important defense mechanism?
What is the consequence of deficiency in complement receptors 3 or 4 (CR3 or CR4)?
What is the consequence of deficiency in complement receptors 3 or 4 (CR3 or CR4)?
What is the role of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) in individuals with this condition?
What is the role of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) in individuals with this condition?
"Total complement activity test" (CH50) primarily tests for the function of which complement components?
"Total complement activity test" (CH50) primarily tests for the function of which complement components?
"Protectin" (CD59) primarily prevents the incorporation of which component into the membrane attack complex (MAC)?
"Protectin" (CD59) primarily prevents the incorporation of which component into the membrane attack complex (MAC)?
Which protein regulates the classical complement pathway by binding to $C4b$ and preventing excessive formation of $C3$ convertases?
Which protein regulates the classical complement pathway by binding to $C4b$ and preventing excessive formation of $C3$ convertases?
What is the role of complement receptor deficiencies in contributing to pathologies?
What is the role of complement receptor deficiencies in contributing to pathologies?
Which complement component is responsible for creating a large stable pore in the plasma membrane, leading to cellular lysis?
Which complement component is responsible for creating a large stable pore in the plasma membrane, leading to cellular lysis?
What is the primary function of Complement Component 1 Inhibitor (C1 INH)?
What is the primary function of Complement Component 1 Inhibitor (C1 INH)?
Which complement component accelerates the decay of C3b and C4b by cleaving them into iC3b and C4c?
Which complement component accelerates the decay of C3b and C4b by cleaving them into iC3b and C4c?
What is the role of Factor H in regulating the alternative complement pathway?
What is the role of Factor H in regulating the alternative complement pathway?
Which protein controls the lectin and classical pathways of complement activation by binding to and inactivating the active site of serine proteases?
Which protein controls the lectin and classical pathways of complement activation by binding to and inactivating the active site of serine proteases?
What is the function of MAC (Membrane Attack Complex) in complement activation?
What is the function of MAC (Membrane Attack Complex) in complement activation?
Which complement component is responsible for mediating further inflammatory reactions when released in fluid-phase?
Which complement component is responsible for mediating further inflammatory reactions when released in fluid-phase?
What molecule binds serum $C7$ to form a $C5bC6C7$ complex, which penetrates and stabilizes in the membrane?
What molecule binds serum $C7$ to form a $C5bC6C7$ complex, which penetrates and stabilizes in the membrane?
What is structurally homologous to perforin secreted by NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes?
What is structurally homologous to perforin secreted by NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes?
What is produced when MCP and CR1 act as cofactors for Factor I-mediated proteolytic cleavage of C3b?
What is produced when MCP and CR1 act as cofactors for Factor I-mediated proteolytic cleavage of C3b?
Which proteins are reminiscent of C1q and initiate complement activation by binding to specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns?
Which proteins are reminiscent of C1q and initiate complement activation by binding to specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns?
Which proteases cleave plasma C4 into fragments C4b and C4a in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
Which proteases cleave plasma C4 into fragments C4b and C4a in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What is the complex that cleaves C4 and C2 in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What is the complex that cleaves C4 and C2 in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
Which complement pathway is activated by lectins or ficolins?
Which complement pathway is activated by lectins or ficolins?
What catalyzes the cleavage of numerous C5 molecules into C5b and C5a in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What catalyzes the cleavage of numerous C5 molecules into C5b and C5a in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
Which proteins are homologous to the serine proteases MASPs of the lectin pathway?
Which proteins are homologous to the serine proteases MASPs of the lectin pathway?
What is the function of lectins or ficolins in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
What is the function of lectins or ficolins in the lectin pathway of complement activation?
Study Notes
- Acute inflammation is a process triggered by various types of injuries, which can be physical, chemical, biological, or psychological.
- Table 1 in the text lists different types of immunological insults, including non-infectious (physical and chemical) and infectious causes.
- Inflammation is an essential process that facilitates the immune system's effective response to injuries, whether during innate or adaptive immune responses.
- Inflammation provides an environment for leukocytes to perform optimally, increasing their effectiveness and promoting the recruitment of leukocytes and soluble inflammatory mediators to the site of injury.
- Swelling, warmth, redness, pain, and itching are the cardinal signs of inflammation, resulting from fluid influx, stimulation of sensory neurons, and the release of various inflammatory mediators.
- The inflammatory response is initiated when injury is detected by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and signaling PRRs engaged by Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) or Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs).
- The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that activates caspases, which in turn activate the inactive precursor of Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) or Interleukin-18.
- Inflammasome activation occurs through the juxtaposition of several inactive caspase subunits with several scaffold sensor subunits, usually Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-like Receptors (NOD-Like Receptors or NLRs).
- The initial release of IL-1β requires the simultaneous synthesis of pro-IL-1β and caspase activation.
- Once released by the stimulated cell, IL-1β engages its receptor on the surface of other cells, triggering the activation of IL-1β-responsive genes and the synthesis and release of numerous other pro-inflammatory factors.
- Engagement of the Interleukin-1-Receptor (IL-1R) on the surface of macrophages triggers the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, leading to the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1.
- Activation of these transcription factors results in the synthesis and release of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators, including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8), LeukoTrienes (LT), and adhesion molecules among others.
- The importance of the inflammatory response is evident from the large number of anti-inflammatory drugs and biologicals currently on the market, primarily monoclonal antibodies.
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Test your knowledge on the acute inflammatory response and complement system with this quiz. Explore the process of phagocytic cell recruitment and the role of chemotactic factors like C3a and C5a. Understand the release of proinflammatory mediators and the cascade of events in the immune response.
