Ch 5. part 2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are local effects of a general inflammatory response?

  • Anorexia and headaches.
  • High, spiking fever and chills.
  • Redness, warmth, and swelling. (correct)
  • Leukopenia and reduced erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

Prolonged administration of glucocorticoids such as prednisone may cause which of the following? 1 atrophy of lymphoid tissue. 2 increased resistance to infection. 3 thrombocytopenia. 4 decreased protein synthesis.

  • 1, 2
  • 2, 4
  • 1, 3
  • 1, 4 (correct)

Application of ice to an injured knee reduces edema by:

  • Causing systemic vasodilation.
  • Causing local vasoconstriction. (correct)
  • Promoting return of lymph fluid.
  • Increasing the rate of tissue repair.

Which of the following methods would be most successful in healing large areas of skin loss, including the dermis and epidermis?

<p>Covering the area with biosynthetic skin substitute. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prostaglandins are produced from _______ and cause _______.

<p>Mast cells; vasodilation and pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about neutrophils?

<p>The number of neutrophils in the blood is increased significantly in order to promote phagocytosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An abscess contains:

<p>Purulent exudate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses are called:

<p>Interferons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are causes of inflammation?

<p>All of these (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In normal capillary exchange, net hydrostatic pressure is based on:

<p>The difference between the hydrostatic pressure within the capillary, as compared with the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cardinal signs of inflammation include all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Nausea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities? 1 COX-2 inhibitors (NSAIDs). 2 glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone). 3 ibuprofen (NSAID). 4 acetaminophen. 5 aspirin (ASA).

<p>1, 3, 5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aspirin (ASA) is discouraged for treatment of viral infection in children because of:

<p>The risk of developing Reye's syndrome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systemic manifestations of inflammation include all EXCEPT:

<p>Local swelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cellular elements found in the inflammatory response are responsible for phagocytosis?

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator is involved in prolonging the inflammatory response?

<p>Leukotrienes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Potential complications after healing by scar formation include all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Increased hair growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are correct statements regarding wound healing EXCEPT:

<p>The process of wound healing is the same for all types of wounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

<p>Nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the use of glucocorticoids?

<p>Prolonged use may cause atrophy of lymphoid tissue. (A), Prolonged use may cause thrombocytopenia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the application of ice recommended for an injured knee immediately following an inflammatory response?

<p>It causes local vasoconstriction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following healing methods is best for large areas of skin loss involving both the dermis and epidermis?

<p>Covering the area with a biosynthetic skin substitute. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes prostaglandins to be produced?

<p>Mast cells and vasodilation and pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is increased significantly during an allergic reaction?

<p>Eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of neutrophils in the blood is increased significantly

<p>To promote phagocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exudate is found in an abscess?

<p>Purulent exudate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses are called

<p>Interferons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Causes of inflammation include

<p>All of these. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In normal capillary exchange, what is net hydrostatic pressure based on?

<p>The difference between the hydrostatic pressure within the capillary and the hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications have both anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties?

<p>Ibuprofen (NSAID) (A), COX-2 inhibitors (NSAIDs) (B), Aspirin (ASA) (D), Glucocorticoids (e.g. prednisone) (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is aspirin discouraged for treatment of viral infection in children?

<p>The risk of developing Reye's syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a systemic manifestation of inflammation?

<p>Local swelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cellular elements found in the inflammatory response are responsible for phagocytosis?

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for prolonging the inflammatory response?

<p>Leukotrienes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is NOT associated with scar formation after healing?

<p>Increased hair growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding wound healing is INCORRECT?

<p>Disorders are named using the ending -sarcoma to indicate inflammation. (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of neutrophils in the blood is increased significantly

<p>in order to promote phagocytosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are correct statements regarding wound healing EXCEPT:

<p>Granulation tissue forms a permanent replacement for damaged tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following helps to localize and “wall off” the foreign material during an inflammatory response?

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is an application of cold recommended as part of the RICE first aid measures immediately following an inflammatory response due to injury?

<p>It causes local vasoconstriction to reduce local edema. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One goal for current research in tissue engineering is to

<p>create a functional replacement tissue when regeneration is not possible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the proper sequence in the healing process.

<p>A blood clot forms; phagocytes remove foreign material and cell debris; granulation tissue grows into the gap; new blood vessels form; and collagen fibers promote formation of a tight, strong scar. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are factors that promote healing EXCEPT

<p>advanced age. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct statement about burns:

<p>The severity of the burn depends on the temperature, duration, and extent of the burn. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement applies to the recommended emergency care for burns?

<p>Cover the burn area with clean, cool, or tepid water and remove nonsticking clothing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhalation of carbon monoxide is a threat for many burn patients because this gas

<p>quickly reduces the available oxygen in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypermetabolism is common with major burns because of

<p>all of these. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does scar tissue usually cause obstructions to develop in tube-like structures?

<p>Scar tissue does not stretch, but rather shrinks in time, causing narrowing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a serious potential complication found only with the anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitor drugs?

<p>Increased incidence of heart attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following spices does NOT show anti-inflammatory action?

<p>White pepper (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines are chemical mediators released by

<p>macrophages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is significantly increased in numbers during an allergic response?

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A substance normally not found in the blood, but appears with acute inflammation and necrosis within 24 to 48 hours is:

<p>C-Reactive Protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inflammatory response indicators

Local effects of inflammation include redness, warmth, and swelling.

Glucocorticoids effect

Prolonged use can cause atrophy of lymphoid tissue and decreased protein synthesis.

Ice application effects

Using ice reduces edema by causing local vasoconstriction.

Abscess composition

An abscess contains purulent exudate.

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Interferons function

Nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses.

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Causes of inflammation

Infection, allergic reactions, and physical damage can cause inflammation.

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Net hydrostatic pressure

It is based on the difference between capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid pressure.

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Cardinal signs of inflammation

Redness, swelling, heat, and pain are key signs.

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Aspirin and children

Aspirin is avoided for viral infections in children due to Reye’s syndrome risk.

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Phagocytosis primary cells

Macrophages are responsible for phagocytosis in the inflammatory response.

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Chemical mediators

Leukotrienes prolong the inflammatory response.

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Complications of healing

Scar formation can lead to contractures, adhesions, and keloids.

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Systemic effects of inflammation

Includes fever, malaise, and anorexia, but not local swelling.

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Neutrophils function

Increased number aids in promoting phagocytosis.

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Prostaglandins source

Produced from mast cells, causing vasodilation and pain.

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Wound healing methods

Covering areas with biosynthetic skin substitutes improves healing.

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Mediators of inflammation

Bradykinin and histamine also play roles in the response.

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Antipyretic agents

Includes ibuprofen and aspirin which reduce fever.

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Cardinal signs exceptions

Nausea is not a cardinal sign of inflammation.

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Anorexia in inflammation

Can occur as a systemic manifestation of inflammation.

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Tissue repair rates

Ice application helps by reducing edema and therefore speeds recovery.

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Serous exudate

Clear fluid that can accompany injury but is not associated with abscess.

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Thrombocytopenia

A decrease in platelets, which can be a result of glucocorticoids.

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Glucocorticoids examples

Includes prednisone, which has anti-inflammatory effects.

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High fever causes

High spiking fever and chills can occur with inflammation.

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Area of necrosis

Represents tissue death and loss of function.

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Pain and tenderness

Common symptoms accompanying inflammation.

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Systemic reactions

Fever and malaise show that inflammation affects whole body.

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Resolution in healing

Occurs with minimal tissue damage allowing cell recovery.

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Granulation tissue

Forms a permanent replacement for damaged tissue.

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Regeneration

Happens when cells are capable of mitosis for healing.

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Scar tissue formation

Occurs in areas where surrounding cells can't undergo mitosis.

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Incorrect statement about inflammation

Disorders do not use -sarcoma to indicate inflammation.

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Role of fibrinogen in inflammation

Helps localize and ‘wall off’ foreign material during inflammation.

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Cold application post-injury

Recommended because it reduces local edema through vasoconstriction.

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Goal of tissue engineering research

To create functional replacement tissue when regeneration isn't possible.

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Sequence in the healing process

Blood clot forms, phagocytes remove debris, granulation tissue grows, new blood vessels form, collagen fibers create a strong scar.

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Factors promoting healing

Good nutrition, clean wounds, effective circulation; advanced age slows it down.

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Severity of burns

Depends on temperature, duration, and extent of the burn.

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Emergency care for burns

Cover the burn area with clean, cool, or tepid water; remove non-sticking clothing.

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Carbon monoxide inhalation risk in burns

Quickly reduces the available oxygen in the blood.

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Hypermetabolism and burns

Caused by increased heat loss, tissue repair demand, and stress response.

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Scar tissue obstruction

Scar tissue shrinks over time, causing narrowing of structures.

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COX-2 inhibitor complication

Increased incidence of heart attacks is a serious risk.

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Spice lacking anti-inflammatory action

White pepper does not show anti-inflammatory effects.

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Cytokines

Chemical mediators released by macrophages during inflammation.

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Eosinophils in allergic response

Significantly increased in numbers during allergic reactions.

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Substance in acute inflammation and necrosis

C-reactive protein appears in blood within 24-48 hours of injury.

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Nutritional role in healing

Good nutrition with protein, vitamins A and C promotes better healing.

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Chronic inflammation causes

Long-term inflammation can lead to tissue damage and disease.

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Inflammation effects on the body

Inflammation activates systemic responses such as fever and malaise.

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Phagocytosis role

Involves white blood cells (macrophages) removing debris after injury.

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Pain in inflammation

Common symptom often accompanies inflammation due to irritation and pressure.

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Healing processes

Include clot formation and regeneration through cellular responses.

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Pain and inflammation relationship

Pain signals an inflammatory response occurring in the body.

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Systemic inflammation response

Affects whole body beyond the injury, including systemic symptoms.

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Effects of tissue repair rates

Ice application aids healing by reducing swelling.

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Study Notes

Inflammatory Response - Key Concepts

  • Local effects of inflammation: Pain, tenderness, swelling, redness, and heat. Fever and malaise are systemic effects.

  • General inflammatory response: Includes redness, warmth, and swelling. High fever and chills are NOT part of the general response.

  • Glucocorticoid side effects: Prolonged use leads to lymphoid tissue atrophy, increased infection resistance, and decreased protein synthesis.

  • Ice application: Reduces edema by causing local vasoconstriction.

  • Skin wound healing: Healing large skin areas is most successful with biosynthetic skin substitutes.

  • Prostaglandin production: Produced by mast cells; leads to vasodilation and pain.

  • Neutrophil count: Significantly increases in the blood during inflammation.

Abscess Characteristics

  • Abscess contents: Characterized by purulent exudate. Other exudates are serous, fibrinous, or hemorrhagic.

Cellular Defense & Immunity

  • Nonspecific protection: Interferons protect uninfected cells from viruses.

  • Causes of inflammation: Physical damage, allergic reactions, and infections.

  • Phagocytotic cells: Macrophages are responsible for phagocytosis during inflammation.

Inflammatory Mediators

  • Proinflammatory mediators: Leukotrienes prolong the inflammatory response.
  • Other mediators: Bradykinin and histamine are also involved.

Wound Healing Complications

  • Scar formation complications: Includes loss of sensation, contractures, and adhesions. Increased hair growth is NOT a complication of scar formation.

  • Aspirin use in children: Aspirin is discouraged for viral infections in children due to a risk of Reye's syndrome.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts related to the inflammatory response, including local effects, general responses, and the role of glucocorticoids. This quiz also covers abscess characteristics and cellular defense mechanisms. Perfect for students studying immunology or related fields.

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