30 Questions
What is the primary consequence of severe tissue damage on the inflammatory response?
Scar formation
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of acute inflammation?
Numbness
What occurs when the acute inflammatory response fails to resolve the injury?
Chronic inflammation
What is the usual outcome of acute inflammation when the injury is short-lived or minor?
Resolution
What is characteristic of an abscess?
A collection of neutrophils
What is the outcome of acute inflammation when there is significant tissue damage?
Scar formation
What is the primary role of resident cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, in the inflammatory response?
To recognize and detect foreign invaders or dead cells
What type of exudate is characterized by the presence of red blood cells?
Hemorrhagic
What is the term for a localized and walled-off collection of purulent exudate?
Abscess
What is the primary reason for the development of fever during the acute-phase response?
Increased production of cytokines
What is the term for the erosion of the epithelial surface, which can occur during inflammation?
Ulceration
What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation in terms of systemic reactions?
Acute inflammation has a more severe systemic reaction
What is the primary function of integrins on the surface of leukocytes?
To recognize and bind to ligands on the endothelium
What is the role of cytokines in the process of leukocyte recruitment?
To increase the expression of ligands on the endothelial surface
What is the function of PECAM-1 in the process of leukocyte recruitment?
To help leukocytes migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissue
What is the role of chemokines in the process of leukocyte recruitment?
To guide leukocytes to the site of inflammation
What is the primary site of production of plasma-derived inflammatory mediators?
The liver
What is the purpose of the low affinity between integrins on leukocytes and ligands on endothelium in normal un-injured tissue?
To prevent the unnecessary recruitment of leukocytes to normal tissue
What is the key characteristic that distinguishes dry gangrene from wet gangrene?
Accumulation of fluid in the tissue
What is the primary mechanism by which autophagy occurs?
Lysosomal digestion of cellular components
What is the typical location of dry gangrene?
Extremities
What is the common complication associated with wet gangrene?
Systemic infection
What is the hallmark of gas gangrene?
Formation of H2S bubbles
What is the underlying mechanism that contributes to cell aging?
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species
Which of the following vasoactive mediators causes vasoconstriction?
Serotonin
Which of the following chemotactic factors recruits leukocytes and activates neutrophils?
Leukotrienes
Which of the following cell-derived inflammatory mediators is involved in platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?
PAF
Which of the following enzymes acts on eicosanoids to form either leukotrienes or lipoxins?
Lipoxygenase
Which of the following anaphylatoxins induces histamine release?
C3a
Which of the following inflammatory mediators is involved in pain response?
Bradykinin
Understand the first step in the inflammatory response, where resident cells like macrophages and dendritic cells recognize microbes and damaged cells through cellular receptors, triggering cytokine production. Learn about the role of cytokines in the inflammatory response.
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