Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one primary purpose of inflammation?
What is one primary purpose of inflammation?
Which type of cell is primarily involved in the inflammatory response?
Which type of cell is primarily involved in the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
Which cells release histamine, TNF-a, and IL-16 during an inflammatory response?
Which cells release histamine, TNF-a, and IL-16 during an inflammatory response?
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What role do endothelial cells play in inflammation?
What role do endothelial cells play in inflammation?
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Which leukocyte is mainly responsible for combating parasitic infections?
Which leukocyte is mainly responsible for combating parasitic infections?
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What is the function of platelets during inflammation?
What is the function of platelets during inflammation?
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What are plasma-derived mediators primarily responsible for?
What are plasma-derived mediators primarily responsible for?
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What role does C-Reactive Protein (CRP) play in the body?
What role does C-Reactive Protein (CRP) play in the body?
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Which complement protein is the most abundant?
Which complement protein is the most abundant?
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What is the primary function of bradykinin in the kinin system?
What is the primary function of bradykinin in the kinin system?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized as an early and immediate reaction to injury?
Which type of inflammation is characterized as an early and immediate reaction to injury?
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What effect do corticosteroids have on inflammatory mediators?
What effect do corticosteroids have on inflammatory mediators?
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What is an example of a pre-formed cell-derived mediator?
What is an example of a pre-formed cell-derived mediator?
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Which of the following eicosanoids is associated with the inflammatory response in asthma and anaphylaxis?
Which of the following eicosanoids is associated with the inflammatory response in asthma and anaphylaxis?
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What is the primary substance that forms the fibrous meshwork in the coagulation system?
What is the primary substance that forms the fibrous meshwork in the coagulation system?
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Study Notes
Purpose of Inflammation
- Removes injured tissue, preparing the site for healing
- Establishes a physical barrier against infection and further damage
- Alerts healing products to attend the injury site
- Increases blood flow to the injury site
- Interacts with the adaptive immune system
Cellular Components of Inflammation
Endothelial Cells
- Line blood vessels, creating a selectively permeable barrier
- Produce vasodilators/vasoconstrictors to regulate blood flow
- Regulate leukocyte extravasation (movement out of blood vessels)
- Synthesize/release inflammatory mediators, regulating immune cell proliferation
- Contribute to repair processes through growth factor production
- Stimulate angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) and extracellular matrix formation
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Major cellular component of the inflammatory response
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Granulocytes: Multi-lobed nucleus
- Neutrophils: 60-70% of WBCs, crucial in early response; first responders
- Eosinophils: 2-3% WBCs, involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
- Basophils: <1% WBCs, key role in allergic responses (release histamine)
- Mast cells: Release histamine, TNF-α, IL-1β, growth factors, also involved in allergic reactions
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Agranulocytes: Single nucleus
- Monocytes: Develop into macrophages; phagocytosis, antigen presentation
- Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells; crucial in adaptive immunity
- T lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity
- B lymphocytes: antibody-mediated immunity
Platelets
- Help stop bleeding
- Inflammatory stimuli activate platelets, releasing adhesion molecules
5 Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation
- Redness: Vasodilation (increased blood flow)
- Swelling: Increased vascular permeability, allowing fluid to leak into tissues
- Heat: Increased blood flow
- Pain: Release of inflammatory mediators, pressure on nerve endings
- Loss of function: Swelling impedes tissue/organ function
Inflammatory Mediators
Plasma-Derived Mediators (Liver-Synthesized)
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Acute-phase proteins: Increased during inflammation
- C-reactive protein (CRP): Marker for inflammation and infection
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Complement system: Proteins that destroy pathogens directly
- Classical, Lectin, Alternative pathways
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Coagulation system: Forms fibrous meshwork for wound repair
- Fibrin (primary substance)
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Kinin system: Causes pain and blood vessel dilation
- Bradykinin (primary kinin)
Cell-Derived Mediators (From Cells at Inflammation Site)
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Pre-formed: Already present in cells
- Mast cells: Histamine
- Platelets: Serotonin
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Newly synthesized: Produced in response to stimuli
- Leukocytes: Prostaglandins (ASA/NSAIDs block), leukotrienes (Asthma/anaphylaxis mediator), PAF
- Macrophages/Lymphocytes/Endothelial cells: Cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1), Chemokines, Nitric Oxide (NO), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation
- Acute: Initial, immediate reaction to remove injury, limit damage
- Chronic: Persistent inflammation, lasting longer, often due to persistent injury/infection
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Description
This quiz covers the purpose of inflammation and the various cellular components involved in the inflammatory response. It highlights the roles of endothelial cells and leukocytes in healing and immune regulation. Test your knowledge on how these cells contribute to the inflammation process.
