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Questions and Answers
What characteristic defines fibrosis?
What characteristic defines fibrosis?
Which statement best describes the acute phase response in inflammation?
Which statement best describes the acute phase response in inflammation?
What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in inflammation?
What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a component of tissue repair?
Which of the following is NOT a component of tissue repair?
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What occurs when complete restitution of damaged tissue is not possible?
What occurs when complete restitution of damaged tissue is not possible?
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What does the term 'anorexia' refer to in the context of systemic inflammation?
What does the term 'anorexia' refer to in the context of systemic inflammation?
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Which of the following best describes opsonization in the context of acute phase proteins?
Which of the following best describes opsonization in the context of acute phase proteins?
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Which factor is not associated with the repair process of tissues?
Which factor is not associated with the repair process of tissues?
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What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of acute inflammation?
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What role do chemical mediators play in inflammation?
What role do chemical mediators play in inflammation?
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What is the effect of histamine in the inflammatory process?
What is the effect of histamine in the inflammatory process?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by prolonged duration and fibrosis?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by prolonged duration and fibrosis?
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Which of the following substances is produced by platelets during inflammation?
Which of the following substances is produced by platelets during inflammation?
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What systemic responses can occur as part of the inflammatory process?
What systemic responses can occur as part of the inflammatory process?
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Which of the following roles do ROS (reactive oxygen species) play in inflammation?
Which of the following roles do ROS (reactive oxygen species) play in inflammation?
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What can be a potential negative consequence of the inflammatory response?
What can be a potential negative consequence of the inflammatory response?
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Who first described the hallmarks of acute inflammation over 2,000 years ago?
Who first described the hallmarks of acute inflammation over 2,000 years ago?
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What effect does laminar flow have on leukocytes in blood vessels?
What effect does laminar flow have on leukocytes in blood vessels?
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Which factor contributes to leukocytes being displaced from the central axis of blood flow?
Which factor contributes to leukocytes being displaced from the central axis of blood flow?
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What role do selectins play in the adhesion process of leukocytes?
What role do selectins play in the adhesion process of leukocytes?
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Which process follows rolling in the recruitment of leukocytes?
Which process follows rolling in the recruitment of leukocytes?
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What is a primary characteristic of integrins in leukocyte recruitment?
What is a primary characteristic of integrins in leukocyte recruitment?
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Which statement best describes the effect of stasis on blood cells?
Which statement best describes the effect of stasis on blood cells?
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What is the primary role of selectins in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary role of selectins in the inflammatory response?
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Which cytokines are mentioned as promoting the expression of selectins on the endothelium?
Which cytokines are mentioned as promoting the expression of selectins on the endothelium?
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What potential therapeutic application is mentioned regarding selectins?
What potential therapeutic application is mentioned regarding selectins?
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What is the primary function of chemotaxis in leukocyte behavior?
What is the primary function of chemotaxis in leukocyte behavior?
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What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is primarily responsible for phagocytosis in acute inflammation?
Which of the following is primarily responsible for phagocytosis in acute inflammation?
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What is a consequence of prolonged activation of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
What is a consequence of prolonged activation of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following conditions is classified under acute inflammatory disorders?
Which of the following conditions is classified under acute inflammatory disorders?
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In the context of leukocyte recruitment, what is directional migration influenced by?
In the context of leukocyte recruitment, what is directional migration influenced by?
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Leukocyte-induced tissue injury can occur due to which of the following?
Leukocyte-induced tissue injury can occur due to which of the following?
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What is the primary function of prostaglandins in an inflammatory response?
What is the primary function of prostaglandins in an inflammatory response?
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Which mediator is characterized by its potency, being up to 1000x more potent than histamine?
Which mediator is characterized by its potency, being up to 1000x more potent than histamine?
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What is the source of nitric oxide in the body?
What is the source of nitric oxide in the body?
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Which statement correctly describes reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
Which statement correctly describes reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
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Which type of signaling do cytokines NOT engage in?
Which type of signaling do cytokines NOT engage in?
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What is the function of cytokines produced by macrophages and lymphocytes?
What is the function of cytokines produced by macrophages and lymphocytes?
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What type of complex is the inflammasome?
What type of complex is the inflammasome?
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Which mediator is crucial for increased vascular permeability and leukocyte adhesion?
Which mediator is crucial for increased vascular permeability and leukocyte adhesion?
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Which type of cytokine specifically acts on other leukocytes?
Which type of cytokine specifically acts on other leukocytes?
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What role do leukotrienes play in the inflammatory response?
What role do leukotrienes play in the inflammatory response?
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What is the primary function of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-18?
What is the primary function of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-18?
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Which of the following cytokines is involved in causing endothelial cell contraction and increasing vascular permeability?
Which of the following cytokines is involved in causing endothelial cell contraction and increasing vascular permeability?
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What condition describes the excess of watery fluid that collects in the body's tissues during inflammation?
What condition describes the excess of watery fluid that collects in the body's tissues during inflammation?
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Which mediator is primarily responsible for the immediate transient response of increased vascular permeability after injury?
Which mediator is primarily responsible for the immediate transient response of increased vascular permeability after injury?
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What process describes the emigration of leukocytes from circulation to sites of injury during inflammation?
What process describes the emigration of leukocytes from circulation to sites of injury during inflammation?
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Which system is NOT one of the three interrelated systems involved in the inflammatory response?
Which system is NOT one of the three interrelated systems involved in the inflammatory response?
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What is the role of C3a and C5a in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of C3a and C5a in the inflammatory response?
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Which statement best describes cytokine redundancy?
Which statement best describes cytokine redundancy?
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What is the primary source of plasma protein-derived mediators like complement proteins and kinins?
What is the primary source of plasma protein-derived mediators like complement proteins and kinins?
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Which of the following correctly describes the process of margination?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of margination?
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Study Notes
Inflammation Overview
- Inflammation is a Latin word "inflammatio" meaning "setting on fire".
- It's a protective response to eliminate the cause of injury, necrotic cells, or tissues.
- Inflammation destroys harmful agents and initiates healing.
- Infection is not the same as inflammation.
- Inflammatory reaction and repair can be harmful.
- Inflammation can damage healthy tissue.
Learning Objectives
- Understand the general features and mechanisms of inflammation.
- Describe the role of mediators in inflammation.
- Detail vascular and cellular events associated with inflammation.
- Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
Hallmarks of Acute Inflammation
- The visual signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
- These were described by Aulus Cornelius Celsus over 2000 years ago.
The Pillars of Inflammation
- Swelling, heat, pain, and redness were identified by Aulus Cornelius Celsus.
- Drawing images and emojis help visualize the concept.
Mediators of Inflammation
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Chemical mediators are produced locally by cells or are circulating in plasma as inactive precursors activated at the site.
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Many mediators bind to specific receptors on target cells (except reactive oxygen species and some proteases).
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Many mediators are targets for anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Examples of chemical mediators include histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, and cytokines.
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Different cells provide different sources for various mediators.
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Each mediator has a specific role and effect in inflammatory responses, such as vasodilation, vascular permeability increase, leukocyte chemotaxis or activation.
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Cytokines are small proteins, signaling proteins crucial for cell communication.
- Lymphokines are from lymphocytes -Monokines from monocytes -Chemokines have chemotactic activity
- Interleukin made by one leukocyte acting on another.
- Interferons are released in response to pathogen presence.
- Tumor Necrosis Factors cause systemic inflammation
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The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that promotes the maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It was discovered in 2002.
Acute Phase Response
- Common symptoms include fever, malaise, somnolence, anorexia, leukocytosis, and shock.
- Involves the production of acute-phase proteins like fibrinogen and CRP.
- ESR is a nonspecific marker of inflammation.
Acute Inflammation
- Rapid response to injury designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to the injury site.
- Mediators initiate vascular reaction (vasodilation and increased vascular permeability) and cellular reaction (leukocyte emigration).
- A third component is leukocyte activation.
Chronic Inflammation
- Persistent inflammation lasting weeks, months, or years.
- Often involves tissue destruction.
- Chronic inflammation may involve macrophages.
Leukocyte-Induced Tissue Injury
- Leukocytes' role isn't limited to targeting invaders.
- Byproducts like reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and enzymes can damage tissues, resulting in responses in autoimmune diseases, against allergens.
- Inflammatory response pathology often surpasses the initial invader.
Wound Healing
- Tissue repair involves either regeneration or resolution.
- Regeneration restores lost tissues, while resolution involves the removal of dead tissues with minimal scar.
- Cell proliferation, extracellular growth factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM) are important components for repair.
- Cells vary in regenerative capabilities (labile/stable/permanent).
- Extracellular growth factors signal cells.
- ECM regulates growth.
- ECM has scaffolding and reservoir functions that support the tissue repair process.
- Healing by two methods, by first intention and by secondary intention.
- Granulation tissue during repair comprises fibroblasts, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells.
Types of Cytokines
- Structural classification: different families of cytokines based on amino acid similarity.
- Functional classification: cytokines produced after inflammatory stimuli (such as chemokines) and those produced in tissue and cells consecutively (homing chemokines).
Additional Information about Cytokines
- Different cells release different types of cytokines.
- Single cytokines act on different cells (pleiotropy).
- Same functions can be induced by multiple cytokines (redundancy).
- One cytokine stimulates others leading to a complex cascade.
Fibrosis
- Fibrosis is the development of fibrous connective tissue.
- Occurs as a normal healing response or a pathological process (excessive scarring).
Plasma Protein-Derived Mediators
- Proteins like complement, kinins and proteases are important mediators of inflammation.
- Complement, kinins, clotting factors are plasma-derived components with various roles in inflammation.
Systemic Effects (Acute Phase Response)
- Systemic effects including fever, malaise, anorexia, leukocytosis, and shock occur during the acute phase response to inflammation.
- Acute-phase proteins (like fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, CRP) increase or decrease due to inflammation, infection, injury.
C-reactive protein (CRP)
- CRP is a protein pentamer and rises in response to inflammation.
- It's secreted by the liver in response to IL-6 released by macrophages and T cells.
- CRP binds lysophosphatidylcholine on cells and bacteria, activating the complement system.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential features and mechanisms of inflammation, including its role in the healing process and distinctions between acute and chronic inflammation. Test your understanding of the visual signs and mediators involved in inflammation based on historical perspectives.
