Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the initial vascular reaction that occurs following local damage of cells?
What is the initial vascular reaction that occurs following local damage of cells?
Which chemical mediators are primarily responsible for causing vasodilatation during inflammation?
Which chemical mediators are primarily responsible for causing vasodilatation during inflammation?
What primary effect does stasis have on blood flow during inflammation?
What primary effect does stasis have on blood flow during inflammation?
Which component is NOT a characteristic of the inflammatory fluid exudate?
Which component is NOT a characteristic of the inflammatory fluid exudate?
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What is the purpose of the dilatation of lymphatic vessels during inflammation?
What is the purpose of the dilatation of lymphatic vessels during inflammation?
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What primarily causes the increased capillary permeability during inflammation?
What primarily causes the increased capillary permeability during inflammation?
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What leads to the formation of inflammatory exudates?
What leads to the formation of inflammatory exudates?
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What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
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Which suffix is commonly used to indicate inflammation in an organ?
Which suffix is commonly used to indicate inflammation in an organ?
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What characterizes acute inflammation?
What characterizes acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is a non-living irritant that can cause inflammation?
Which of the following is a non-living irritant that can cause inflammation?
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What happens at the center of the inflamed area during local tissue reactions of acute inflammation?
What happens at the center of the inflamed area during local tissue reactions of acute inflammation?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by long duration?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by long duration?
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Which of the following examples correctly pairs an organ with its inflammatory condition?
Which of the following examples correctly pairs an organ with its inflammatory condition?
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What type of irritant is categorized as 'mechanical'?
What type of irritant is categorized as 'mechanical'?
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Study Notes
Inflammation-1
- Inflammation is a protective mechanism, reacting to irritants in local tissues, blood vessels and lymph vessels
- Inflammation aims to eliminate the offending agent, prevent its spread and initiate tissue repair
- Inflammation involves local tissue and vascular reactions:
- Local tissue reactions occur at the site with maximum irritant concentration, leading to cell death (necrosis)
- Chemical mediators (e.g., histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins) are released to trigger other reactions in the inflamed area
- Local vascular reactions involve a series of steps:
- Transient vasoconstriction of small arterioles (a protective mechanism lasting seconds to minutes only)
- Vasodilation of arterioles, venules and capillaries (increasing blood flow to the inflamed area; leading to redness and heat)
- Slowing of blood flow (stasis) due to increased blood viscosity and sticky endothelium
- Formation of inflammatory exudates (plasma and cells escape into interstitial spaces, including inflammatory fluid and cellular exudates, such as leucocytes)
- Dilation of lymphatic vessels to drain fluid exudates
Intended Learning Objectives
- Recall definitions, nomenclature, causes and types of inflammation
- Describe the pathogenesis of acute inflammation
- Describe the mechanism, characteristics and function of inflammatory exudates
Nomenclature of Inflammation
- Inflammation is named by adding the suffix "-itis" to the affected organ's name (e.g., appendicitis, hepatitis, arthritis)
Causes of Inflammation
- Living irritants: bacteria, their toxins, viruses, parasites, and fungi
- Non-living irritants:
- Physical: excess heat, cold, radiation
- Chemical: concentrated acids, alkalis, poisons
- Mechanical: trauma, friction, foreign bodies
- Immunological: allergic reactions
Types of Inflammation
- Acute inflammation: sudden onset, short duration (days to weeks)
- Chronic inflammation: gradual onset, long duration (months to years)
Acute Inflammation Pathogenesis
- The acute inflammatory reaction consists of local tissue reactions and local vascular reactions.
Inflammatory Fluid Exudate
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Mechanism of formation:
- Increased capillary permeability (primarily due to histamine)
- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (due to vasodilation and increased blood flow)
- Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure resulting from tissue necrosis
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Characteristics:
- High protein content (4-8 g/dL) compared to normal interstitial fluid (1 g/dL)
- High fibrinogen content (leading to turbidity and clotting)
- High specific gravity (above 1018)
- High cellular content (polymorphs and macrophages)
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Functions:
- Dilutes toxins
- Delivers antibodies to the site of inflammation
- Delivers nutrients and removes waste products
- Forms a fibrin network that serves as a mechanical barrier to infection spread and facilitates cell (leucocytes) migration to infected area
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Description
This quiz explores the protective mechanism of inflammation and its local reactions in tissues, blood vessels, and lymph vessels. Participants will learn about the roles of chemical mediators and the vascular changes that occur during inflammation. Test your knowledge on how the body responds to irritants and initiates tissue repair.
