Inflammation Overview and Types
26 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of inflammation?

  • To produce new blood cells (correct)
  • To localize infection and fight pathogens
  • To regenerate damaged tissue
  • To enhance tissue healing

Which type of cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?

  • Plasma cells
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Eosinophils
  • Lymphocytes

What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?

  • Presence of neutrophils primarily
  • Severe and progressive tissue injury (correct)
  • Rapid onset and immediate vascular response
  • Strong local and systemic signs

What is the initial vascular response during inflammation?

<p>Vasodilatation and increased permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell exudate is primarily composed of neutrophils?

<p>Purulent exudate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the extravasation process of inflammatory cells?

<p>Apoptosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines chemotaxis in the context of inflammation?

<p>Directed movement towards irritants and mediators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a local sign of inflammation?

<p>Redness and swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of inflammatory fluid exudate helps to remove toxins?

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic inflammation compare in terms of tissue injury severity?

<p>Tissue injury is often severe and progressive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does purulent mean in the context of inflammation?

<p>A localized accumulation of pus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which causative organism is associated with cellulitis?

<p>Streptococcus haemolyticus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a boil (furuncle) best described?

<p>A small abscess related to a hair follicle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of granulomas?

<p>Nodular collection of specific immune cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the mechanism of cellulitis?

<p>Utilizes fibrinolysin and hyaluronidase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic inflammation can be caused by which of the following?

<p>Prolonged exposure to environmental insults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by excess mucous and is often associated with rhinitis?

<p>Catarrhal inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates an abscess from cellulitis?

<p>Abscess is localized, while cellulitis is diffuse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of phagocytosis in the immune response?

<p>The ingestion and destruction of bacteria and foreign particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator of inflammation?

<p>Immunoglobulin G (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the movement of phagocytes to the site of inflammation?

<p>Chemotaxis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sequence of events following acute inflammation, which occurs immediately after increased vascular permeability?

<p>Extravasation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes localized suppurative inflammation such as an abscess?

<p>Presence of dead neutrophils and necrotic tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of acute inflammation?

<p>Scar formation, chronic inflammation, or resolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically found in pus?

<p>Fluid exudate with fibrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During leukocyte activation, which of the following processes occurs?

<p>Production of eicosanoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leukocyte Activation

The process by which leukocytes (white blood cells) respond to stimuli, leading to increased activity and release of substances to fight infection or injury.

Phagocytosis

The process where phagocytic cells engulf and destroy pathogens, debris, or foreign particles.

Opsonin

A substance that enhances phagocytosis by marking pathogens for consumption by phagocytes.

Chemical Mediators (Cellular)

Substances released by cells during inflammation, acting as signaling molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chemical Mediators (Plasma)

Substances released from blood plasma, playing a role in inflammation, such as complement and clotting factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Inflammation Resolution

The process of ending acute inflammation. It can lead to complete healing, scarring, or chronic inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Suppurative Inflammation

Acute inflammation characterized by pus formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abscess

Localized collection of pus within the tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pus

A mixture of dead neutrophils/white blood cells, cellular debris, and fluid that develops in inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inflammation

The local vascular and cellular response of living tissue to an injurious agent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Inflammation

A rapid, short-term inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil infiltration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Inflammation

A slow, long-term inflammatory response involving monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes; often leads to tissue damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extravasation

The movement of inflammatory cells from the blood vessels into the tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chemotaxis

The directed movement of inflammatory cells towards a chemical signal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phagocytosis

The process by which cells engulf and destroy foreign particles or damaged cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell primarily involved in acute inflammation, known as pus cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell primarily involved in chronic inflammation and the immune response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vascular response

The changes in blood vessel flow and diameter during inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inflammatory exudate

Extravasated fluid rich in proteins, antibodies, and cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Margination

The process where inflammatory cells (PMNs) adhere to the blood vessel walls.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rolling

The process inflammatory cells temporarily adhere to the endothelial cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adhesion

The process by which inflammatory cells firmly attach to the blood vessel wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transmigration

The movement of inflammatory cells across the vascular lining and into the tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Granulation Tissue

Fibrous tissue that forms during the healing process of wounds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pus

A thick, yellowish-white fluid containing dead white blood cells and bacteria, often a sign of infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abscess

A localized collection of pus within the body's tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Furuncle (Boil)

A small abscess related to a hair follicle or sebaceous gland.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbuncle

Multiple communicating abscesses, often in the back of the neck.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellulitis

A diffuse, spreading bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation that persists for weeks, months, or even years.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Granuloma (Specific Chronic)

A nodular collection of inflammatory cells (epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells) in response to an infection or irritant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Granulomas Causes

Infections (TB, Leprosy, parasites, fungi) or non-infectious causes (foreign bodies, unknown diseases).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Inflammation

Persistent inflammation; lasts for weeks, months, or years.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Inflammation Overview

  • Inflammation is a local vascular and cellular response of living tissue to an injurious agent.
  • Aims of inflammation include fighting bacteria, localizing infection, and removing damaged tissue.
  • Causes of inflammation include allergic reactions, chemical irritants, infections, trauma, injury, burns, lacerations/cuts/wounds, frostbite, and various diseases (cardiovascular, neurological, autoimmune, cancer, lupus, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome).
  • Types of inflammation are acute and chronic.

Acute Inflammation

  • Onset: Fast, minutes to hours
  • Cellular infiltrate: Primarily neutrophils
  • Tissue injury/fibrosis: Usually mild and self-limited
  • Local and systemic signs: Prominent

Chronic Inflammation

  • Onset: Slow, days
  • Cellular infiltrate: Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
  • Tissue injury/fibrosis: Often severe and progressive
  • Local and systemic signs: Less prominent

Cells in Inflammation

  • Acute Inflammation: Neutrophils (phagocytosis, pus cells)
  • Chronic Inflammation: Lymphocytes (chronic), plasma (chronic), histiocytes/macrophages (chronic phagocytosis), eosinophils (allergy, parasitic), mast cells (allergy: histamine, serotonin), giant cells (phagocytosis, histiocytes)

Local Signs of Inflammation

  • Four cardinal signs: heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Systemic Effects of Inflammation

  • Fever
  • Leukocytosis
  • Malaise
  • Nausea
  • Anorexia
  • Lymphoid hyperplasia
  • Raised CRP and ESR

Main Events of Inflammation

  • Vascular response
  • Inflammatory fluid exudate
  • Inflammatory cellular exudate

Vascular Response

  • Changes in vascular flow and caliber: vasodilatation (histamine), stasis (+ viscosity, swollen end., open capillaries)
  • Increased permeability and formation of fluid exudate: histamine, kinins, endothelial gaps, direct endothelial injury

Inflammatory Fluid Exudate

  • Formation: increased vascular dilation and permeability, interstitial osmotic pressure, reduced hydrostatic pressure.
  • Function: dilute toxins, chemical, poison, bring antibodies, supply nutrition for cells, and supply fibrinogen

Exudate Composition

  • Appearance: Turbid
  • Consistency: Viscous (like pus)
  • Protein content: High (4-8 gm)
  • Specific gravity: High (>1018)
  • Cell content: Numerous neutrophils
  • On standing: clots

Cellular Exudate

  • Extravasation of neutrophils: Margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration (diapedesis)
  • Chemotaxis: Directed movement of neutrophils and macrophages toward the irritant (exogenous bacteria, complement, arachidonic acid metabolites, chemokines)
  • Leukocyte activation: Production of eicosanoids, degranulation, cytokine secretion
  • Phagocytosis: Ingestion and destruction of bacteria, necrotic debris, and foreign particles (neutrophils, macrophages)

Opsonization and Phagocytosis

  • Recognition (opsonin, complement)
  • Engulfment
  • Killing and degradation

Types of Acute Inflammation

  • Suppurative: Pus formation (abscess, furuncle, carbuncle, cellulitis)
  • Non-suppurative: No pus formation (catarrhal, serous, pseudomembranous)

Factors/Causes of Chronic Inflammation

  • Persistence of infection
  • Prolonged exposure to insult

Types of Chronic Inflammation

  • Non-specific: Follows acute inflammation
  • Specific: Granuloma

Granuloma

  • Chronic, specific inflammation with nodular collection of epitheliod cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells
  • Etiology: Infective (bacteria, parasites, fungi) and non-infective (selecosis, foreign body, unknown)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Inflammation PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of inflammation, including the distinctions between acute and chronic inflammation. Learn about the causes, cellular responses, and aims of inflammation. Test your knowledge of how the body responds to injuries and infections.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser