Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
Which type of cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
Which type of cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What is the initial vascular response during inflammation?
What is the initial vascular response during inflammation?
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What type of cell exudate is primarily composed of neutrophils?
What type of cell exudate is primarily composed of neutrophils?
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Which step is NOT part of the extravasation process of inflammatory cells?
Which step is NOT part of the extravasation process of inflammatory cells?
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What defines chemotaxis in the context of inflammation?
What defines chemotaxis in the context of inflammation?
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Which of the following is a local sign of inflammation?
Which of the following is a local sign of inflammation?
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Which component of inflammatory fluid exudate helps to remove toxins?
Which component of inflammatory fluid exudate helps to remove toxins?
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How does chronic inflammation compare in terms of tissue injury severity?
How does chronic inflammation compare in terms of tissue injury severity?
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What does purulent mean in the context of inflammation?
What does purulent mean in the context of inflammation?
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Which causative organism is associated with cellulitis?
Which causative organism is associated with cellulitis?
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How is a boil (furuncle) best described?
How is a boil (furuncle) best described?
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What is a key characteristic of granulomas?
What is a key characteristic of granulomas?
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Which statement best describes the mechanism of cellulitis?
Which statement best describes the mechanism of cellulitis?
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Chronic inflammation can be caused by which of the following?
Chronic inflammation can be caused by which of the following?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by excess mucous and is often associated with rhinitis?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by excess mucous and is often associated with rhinitis?
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What differentiates an abscess from cellulitis?
What differentiates an abscess from cellulitis?
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What is the primary role of phagocytosis in the immune response?
What is the primary role of phagocytosis in the immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator of inflammation?
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Which process involves the movement of phagocytes to the site of inflammation?
Which process involves the movement of phagocytes to the site of inflammation?
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In the sequence of events following acute inflammation, which occurs immediately after increased vascular permeability?
In the sequence of events following acute inflammation, which occurs immediately after increased vascular permeability?
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What distinguishes localized suppurative inflammation such as an abscess?
What distinguishes localized suppurative inflammation such as an abscess?
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What is a potential outcome of acute inflammation?
What is a potential outcome of acute inflammation?
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Which component is NOT typically found in pus?
Which component is NOT typically found in pus?
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During leukocyte activation, which of the following processes occurs?
During leukocyte activation, which of the following processes occurs?
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Study Notes
Inflammation Overview
- Inflammation is a local vascular and cellular response of living tissue to an injurious agent.
- Aims of inflammation include fighting bacteria, localizing infection, and removing damaged tissue.
- Causes of inflammation include allergic reactions, chemical irritants, infections, trauma, injury, burns, lacerations/cuts/wounds, frostbite, and various diseases (cardiovascular, neurological, autoimmune, cancer, lupus, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome).
- Types of inflammation are acute and chronic.
Acute Inflammation
- Onset: Fast, minutes to hours
- Cellular infiltrate: Primarily neutrophils
- Tissue injury/fibrosis: Usually mild and self-limited
- Local and systemic signs: Prominent
Chronic Inflammation
- Onset: Slow, days
- Cellular infiltrate: Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
- Tissue injury/fibrosis: Often severe and progressive
- Local and systemic signs: Less prominent
Cells in Inflammation
- Acute Inflammation: Neutrophils (phagocytosis, pus cells)
- Chronic Inflammation: Lymphocytes (chronic), plasma (chronic), histiocytes/macrophages (chronic phagocytosis), eosinophils (allergy, parasitic), mast cells (allergy: histamine, serotonin), giant cells (phagocytosis, histiocytes)
Local Signs of Inflammation
- Four cardinal signs: heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- Malaise
- Nausea
- Anorexia
- Lymphoid hyperplasia
- Raised CRP and ESR
Main Events of Inflammation
- Vascular response
- Inflammatory fluid exudate
- Inflammatory cellular exudate
Vascular Response
- Changes in vascular flow and caliber: vasodilatation (histamine), stasis (+ viscosity, swollen end., open capillaries)
- Increased permeability and formation of fluid exudate: histamine, kinins, endothelial gaps, direct endothelial injury
Inflammatory Fluid Exudate
- Formation: increased vascular dilation and permeability, interstitial osmotic pressure, reduced hydrostatic pressure.
- Function: dilute toxins, chemical, poison, bring antibodies, supply nutrition for cells, and supply fibrinogen
Exudate Composition
- Appearance: Turbid
- Consistency: Viscous (like pus)
- Protein content: High (4-8 gm)
- Specific gravity: High (>1018)
- Cell content: Numerous neutrophils
- On standing: clots
Cellular Exudate
- Extravasation of neutrophils: Margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration (diapedesis)
- Chemotaxis: Directed movement of neutrophils and macrophages toward the irritant (exogenous bacteria, complement, arachidonic acid metabolites, chemokines)
- Leukocyte activation: Production of eicosanoids, degranulation, cytokine secretion
- Phagocytosis: Ingestion and destruction of bacteria, necrotic debris, and foreign particles (neutrophils, macrophages)
Opsonization and Phagocytosis
- Recognition (opsonin, complement)
- Engulfment
- Killing and degradation
Types of Acute Inflammation
- Suppurative: Pus formation (abscess, furuncle, carbuncle, cellulitis)
- Non-suppurative: No pus formation (catarrhal, serous, pseudomembranous)
Factors/Causes of Chronic Inflammation
- Persistence of infection
- Prolonged exposure to insult
Types of Chronic Inflammation
- Non-specific: Follows acute inflammation
- Specific: Granuloma
Granuloma
- Chronic, specific inflammation with nodular collection of epitheliod cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells
- Etiology: Infective (bacteria, parasites, fungi) and non-infective (selecosis, foreign body, unknown)
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of inflammation, including the distinctions between acute and chronic inflammation. Learn about the causes, cellular responses, and aims of inflammation. Test your knowledge of how the body responds to injuries and infections.
