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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of inflammation in response to an irritant?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation in response to an irritant?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by a gradual onset and prolonged duration?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by a gradual onset and prolonged duration?
Which cells primarily dominate in acute inflammation?
Which cells primarily dominate in acute inflammation?
What characterizes the difference between acute and chronic inflammation regarding exudate?
What characterizes the difference between acute and chronic inflammation regarding exudate?
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What occurs to macrophages during the late stages of acute inflammation?
What occurs to macrophages during the late stages of acute inflammation?
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What is the primary role of the fluid inflammatory exudate during tissue repair?
What is the primary role of the fluid inflammatory exudate during tissue repair?
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Which microorganism is most commonly associated with the formation of abscesses?
Which microorganism is most commonly associated with the formation of abscesses?
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What differentiates suppurative inflammation from non-suppurative inflammation?
What differentiates suppurative inflammation from non-suppurative inflammation?
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During the development of an abscess, what is the consequence of PMNLs dying?
During the development of an abscess, what is the consequence of PMNLs dying?
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What is a major characteristic of cellulitis?
What is a major characteristic of cellulitis?
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Inflammation is the local vascular, lymphatic, and cellular reactions of living tissues to an irritant (injurious agent).
- It's a protective mechanism aiming to localize and remove the irritant.
- Inflammation is identified by adding the suffix "-itis" to the affected organ name (e.g., pulpitis, osteomyelitis).
Causes of Inflammation
- Living irritants: bacteria, their toxins, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
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Non-living irritants:
- Physical: excessive heat, cold, irradiation.
- Chemical: acids, alkalis, poisons.
- Mechanical: trauma, friction.
- Antigens: cause allergic inflammation through antigen-antibody reactions, like bronchial asthma.
Types of Inflammation
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Acute inflammation:
- Rapid response (sudden onset) to a short-acting irritant.
- Lasts minutes to days.
- Characterized by marked tissue edema (excess inflammatory exudate).
- Key cells: neutrophils (PMNLs) and macrophages.
- Prominent cardinal signs and vascular changes.
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Chronic inflammation:
- Slow response (gradual onset) to a long-acting irritant.
- Lasts months to years.
- Characterized by mild tissue edema (scanty inflammatory exudate).
- Progressive and productive inflammation with granulation tissue formation.
- Key cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages.
- Less prominent cardinal signs and vascular changes.
Acute Inflammatory Cells (PMNLs)
- PMNLs are polymorph nuclear leukocytes.
Chronic Inflammatory Cells
- Key cells: Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells
Events of Acute Inflammation
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- Local tissue damage (necrosis of tissue).
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- Local vascular reaction (vasodilation of blood vessels, increased capillary permeability), leading to redness and heat.
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- Local reaction of tissue histocytes (macrophages) to clear tissue debris.
Fluid Inflammatory Exudate Composition
- High protein content (4-8 g/%).
- Primarily fibrinogen, which transforms into fibrin.
- Formed by plasma protein release from dilated blood vessels due to increased capillary permeability.
Function of Inflammatory Exudate
- Dilutes toxins, poisons, and chemicals.
- Brings antibodies to infection sites.
- Supplies nutrients to cells and eliminates waste products.
- Forms a fibrin network for PMNLs and macrophages to move towards irritants.
- Provides a platform for fibroblasts to proliferate, initiating repair.
- Localizes infection by surrounding the inflamed area.
Cellular Exudate
- Composed of neutrophils and macrophages (phagocytic cells).
- Phagocytosis: Ingestion and destruction of bacteria, necrotic debris, and foreign bodies by phagocytic cells.
Signs of Acute Inflammation
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Local:
- Redness
- Heat
- Pain
- Swelling
- Loss of function
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Systemic:
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
Types of Acute Inflammation
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Suppurative (pyogenic or septic):
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Characterized by pus formation.
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Caused by pyogenic microorganisms (e.g., staphylococci, streptococci)
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Examples: abscess, furuncle, carbuncle, and cellulitis.
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Abscess: a localized collection of pus
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Furuncle (boil): a localized abscess related to a hair follicle or sebaceous gland.
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Carbuncle: multiple furuncles connected by strands of tissue.
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Cellulitis: diffuse suppurative inflammation of subcutaneous and connective tissue.
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Non-suppurative. No pus formation.
- Catarrhal
- Pseudomembranous
- Sero-fibrinous
- Serous
- Hemorrhagic
- Necrotizing
- Allergic
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of inflammation, its protective mechanisms, and types. Explore the various living and non-living irritants that can trigger inflammation, and understand the concept of acute inflammation. Test your knowledge on key terms and processes related to this essential biological response.
