Inflammation and Immune Response Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What structural change occurs in the microcirculation during acute inflammation?

Increased vascular permeability (correct)

Thickening of vessel walls

Decreased capillary size

Vasoconstriction

Which of the following is NOT a classical sign of inflammation?

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Fatigue (correct)

What mechanism primarily causes increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

Inhibition of inflammation mediators

Endothelial cell growth

Endothelial cell contraction and retraction (correct)

Blood vessel thickening

What effect does increased vascular permeability have on blood viscosity?

Increases viscosity due to concentration of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which component of acute inflammation is characterized by alterations in vessel caliber?

Vascular response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of endothelial cells in the vascular response during acute inflammation?

Form a permeability barrier Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli is likely to trigger acute inflammation?

Mechanical injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of genetic defects in leukocyte function?

Increased risk of infection Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with defects in leukocyte adhesion?

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of defect is linked to chemotherapy and radiation exposure?

Bone marrow suppression Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemical mediators play in the inflammatory process?

They facilitate adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cell-derived mediators?

Secreted from cells upon activation or synthesized in response to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the production of chemical mediators during inflammation?

Injury or microbial products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemical mediators can influence the release of additional mediators?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of acquired defects in leukocytes?

Diminished chemotaxis response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of histamine and serotonin as vasoactive amines?

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines such as TNF and IL-1 are mainly involved in which aspect of inflammation?

Leukocyte recruitment and migration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes inflammation?

A protective mechanism involving fluid movement and leukocyte migration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of reactive oxygen species in inflammation?

Vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What are the five Rs of the inflammatory response?

Recognition, Recruitment, Removal, Regulation, Resolution. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mediator is primarily responsible for increasing vascular permeability during inflammation?

Vasoactive amines Signup and view all the answers

What beneficial effect does inflammatory exudate have in the context of acute inflammation?

Dilution of toxins Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemical mediators play in the inflammatory response?

They mediate the inflammatory response and coordinate actions of leukocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is granulomatous inflammation primarily characterized by?

Formation of granulomas in response to persistent injury or infection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of the kinin system that contributes to inflammatory pain?

Bradykinin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can result from inappropriate or prolonged inflammation?

Destruction of healthy tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which mediator is primarily involved in the complementary system's role during inflammation?

Complement proteins Signup and view all the answers

The role of nitric oxide in inflammation includes which of the following?

Vasodilation and aiding in microbial killing Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the recruitment phase of inflammation?

Leukocytes are mobilized to the site of injury. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors might affect the healing process after inflammation?

Presence of foreign particles. Signup and view all the answers

When does inflammation typically terminate?

Following successful resolution and repair of tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of CD31 (PECAM-1) during leukocyte transmigration?

Facilitate the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT involved in the modulation of adhesion molecules during leukocyte rolling and adhesion?

Decrease in avidity of binding Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the process of chemotaxis in leukocytes?

Directional movement towards a chemical stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors on leukocytes is involved in recognizing microbial products?

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates phagocytosis of microbes by neutrophils?

Opsonins that coat microbes Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism leads to the killing of microbes during phagocytosis?

Generation of free radicals and lysosomal enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of lysosomal enzymes leaking into tissue during phagocytosis?

Local tissue injury and inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Why do neutrophils dominate during acute inflammation?

They are the first responders to injury signals Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation Definition

Inflammation is the natural immune response of tissues and blood vessels to pathogenic insults.
It is characterized by the movement of white blood cells and fluids from blood to the damaged site.
Inflammation serves to neutralize and eliminate the cause of tissue injury, including foreign bodies, microorganisms, and antigens.

Objectives Of The Coarse

The student should be able to identify and understand the inflammatory process as a part of the body's defense mechanism.
Students should be able to differentiate and explain different types of inflammation based on their underlying mechanisms.
Comprehending the function and mechanism of chemical mediators in the inflammatory response.
Students will develop a comprehensive understanding of granulomatous inflammation, its causes, and microscopic features.
The course aims to equip students with knowledge of the healing process and factors influencing it.

Signs Of Inflammation

The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation include:
- Redness (Rubor): Caused by increased blood flow to the area.
- Swelling (Tumor): Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
- Heat (Calor): Increased blood flow brings warm blood to the area.
- Pain (Dolor): Mediated by release of chemical mediators, stimulating nerve endings.
- Loss of function (Functio laesa): Due to pain and swelling, limiting the area's movement.

Causes Of Acute Inflammation

Infections: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Trauma: Physical injury, burns, and surgical procedures.
Foreign bodies: Splinters, sutures, and other materials.
Immune reactions: Hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) and autoimmune diseases.

Components of Acute Inflammation

Vascular response:
- Vasodilation: Increases blood flow, leading to redness and heat.
- Increased vascular permeability: Allows fluid and proteins to leak into the interstitial space, causing swelling.
Cellular response:
- Recruitment of leukocytes: These cells migrate to the site of inflammation to "clean up" the area.
- Phagocytosis of the injurious agent: Leukocytes engulf and destroy pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign bodies.

Steps of The Inflammatory Response

Recognition: The body's immune cells identify the injurious agent.
Recruitment: Leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, are drawn to the site of inflammation.
Removal: Leukocytes engulf and destroy the injurious agent.
Regulation: The inflammatory response is controlled to prevent excessive damage.
Resolution: The tissue is repaired and returns to its normal state.

Chemical Mediators Of Acute Inflammation

These chemical messengers play a key role in the inflammatory process.
Cell-derived mediators: Produced locally by cells at the site of inflammation (e.g., histamine, prostaglandins, cytokines).
Plasma protein derived mediators: Synthesized by the liver and activated during inflammation (e.g., complement system, kinin system, clotting system).

Effects of Chemical Mediators

They trigger a cascade of events to initiate and regulate inflammation.
They bind to specific receptors on target cells, initiating a series of responses.
Mediators can stimulate the release of other mediators from the target cells (secondary mediators).
They are short-lived and controlled to prevent excessive inflammation.

Beneficial Effects of Acute Inflammatory Exudate

Dilution of toxins: Helps to neutralize harmful substances.
Protective antibodies: Exudate carries antibodies to the site of infection.
Fibrin formation: Exudate helps form clots to limit the spread of infection.
Plasma mediator system: Exudate delivers important mediators to the site of injury.
Cell nutrition: Exudate delivers nutrients to cells involved in repair.
Promotion of immunity: Exudate aids in the presentation of antigens to the immune system.

Defects in Leukocytes Functions

Genetic defects: Affect the function of leukocytes and increase susceptibility to infection.
- Leukocyte adhesion defects: Impaired ability to adhere to the endothelial lining of blood vessels, preventing them from reaching the site of inflammation.
- Phagolysosome function defects: Impaired ability to engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Microbicidal activity defects: Reduced ability to kill microbes.
Acquired defects: Acquired conditions that impair leukocyte function.
- Bone marrow suppression: Reduced production of leukocytes, leading to a compromised immune system.
- Chemotaxis defects: Reduced ability of leukocytes to migrate to the site of inflammation.
- Adhesion defects: Impaired ability of leukocytes to adhere to the endothelial lining of blood vessels.
- Phagocytosis and microbicidal activity defects: Impaired ability to engulf and destroy pathogens.

Major Cell-Derived Mediators of Inflammation

Vasoactive amines:
- Histamine: Released from mast cells, causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
- Serotonin: Released from platelets, contributes to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
Arachidonic acid metabolites:
- Prostaglandins: Play a role in vasodilation, pain, and fever.
- Leukotrienes: Contribute to chemotaxis, vascular permeability, and bronchoconstriction.
Cytokines:
- TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor): Mediates inflammation, fever, and cell death.
- IL-1 (Interleukin-1): Mediates inflammation, fever, and cell death.
- Chemokines: Attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS):
- Play a role in microbial killing and tissue injury.
Nitric oxide (NO):
- Causes vasodilation and plays a role in microbial killing.
Lysosomal enzymes:
- Released from leukocytes, contribute to microbial killing and tissue damage.
Platelet activating factor (PAF): Triggers platelet aggregation, vasodilation, and increased vascular permeability.

Role of Mediators in Specific Reactions Of Inflammation

Vasodilation: Prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and histamine.
Increased vascular permeability: Vasoactive amines, complement components (C3a and C5a), bradykinin, and leukotrienes.
Chemotaxis and leukocyte activation: Leukotriene B4, C5a, IL-1, TNF, chemokines.
Fever: IL-1, TNF, and prostaglandins.
Pain: Prostaglandins and bradykinin.
Tissue damage: Lysosomal enzymes, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of inflammation as a critical immune response. It focuses on the mechanisms involved, types of inflammation, and the role of chemical mediators in the healing process. Students will assess their understanding of granulomatous inflammation and its characteristics.