Inflammation and Immune Response Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of inflammation in response to tissue injury?

  • To immediately repair the damaged tissue through collagen synthesis.
  • To induce a fever that will kill any pathogens present in the body.
  • To provide long-term immunity against future infections in the same area.
  • To limit the spread of pathogens, remove debris, and initiate tissue repair. (correct)

    • Which of the following signs is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Itchiness (correct)

    • What is the function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?

  • To directly attack and destroy pathogens at the site of injury.
  • To induce fever and other systemic effects to combat infection.
  • To regulate inflammation and immunity by altering the physiology of receiving cells. (correct)
  • To form a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from spreading.

    • How does hyperemia contribute to the mobilization of defenses during inflammation?

    <p>By increasing blood flow, which delivers defensive leukocytes and washes away toxins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do selectins play in leukocyte migration during inflammation?

    <p>They make endothelial cell membranes sticky, facilitating leukocyte adhesion (margination). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fibrinogen contribute to containing pathogens during inflammation?

    <p>It forms a sticky mesh that walls off microbes, preventing their spread. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemotaxis in the inflammatory response?

    <p>To attract neutrophils to the injury site via chemical signals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of monocytes in tissue cleanup and repair during inflammation?

    <p>To engulf and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, and dead neutrophils after transforming into macrophages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does edema contribute to tissue cleanup during inflammation?

    <p>By compressing veins, reducing venous drainage, and promoting lymphatic drainage to remove debris. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of pus?

    <p>A yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and tissue fluid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three distinguishing characteristics of adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity?

    <p>Systemic effect, specificity, and memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes directly attacking and destroying foreign cells or diseased host cells?

    <p>Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of booster shots in artificial active immunity?

    <p>To stimulate immune memory and maintain a high level of protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do haptens trigger an immune response?

    <p>By combining with a host macromolecule to create a complex recognized as foreign. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody class is primarily involved in preventing pathogen adherence to epithelia and provides passive immunity to newborns?

    <p>IgA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Inflammation

    A local defensive response to tissue injury that limits spread of pathogens, removes debris, and initiates tissue repair.

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    The four primary indicators of inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

    Cytokines

    Small proteins secreted by leukocytes that regulate inflammation and immunity, affecting neighboring or the same cell.

    Hyperemia

    Increased blood flow to a tissue, helping to deliver leukocytes to the inflammation site.

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    Diapedesis

    The process by which leukocytes squeeze through blood vessel gaps into tissue.

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    Chemotaxis

    The movement of leukocytes toward the chemical signals at an injury site.

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    Phagocytosis

    The process by which neutrophils engulf and destroy pathogens.

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    Neutrophilia

    An elevated neutrophil count due to bacterial infection.

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    Natural Active Immunity

    Immunity resulting from the body producing its own antibodies after an infection.

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    Artificial Active Immunity

    Immunity developed from vaccination that stimulates the body's own antibody production.

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    Haptens

    Small molecules that can become antigenic when bound to a larger host molecule.

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    IgG Antibody

    The most abundant antibody in circulation, providing long-term immunity and crossing the placenta.

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    Antigen

    A substance that triggers an immune response by distinguishing self from non-self.

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    Passive Immunity

    Temporary immunity obtained by receiving antibodies from another individual.

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    Fibrinogen

    A protein that helps in the clotting of blood, filtering into tissues during inflammation.

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    Study Notes

    Immune System Part II

    • Sugar suppresses the immune system. A large dose of sugar, such as a soda or candy bar, temporarily weakens the immune system's ability to fight off challenges.

    Inflammation

    • Inflammation is a local defensive response to tissue injury or infection.
    • Inflammation limits the spread of pathogens, destroying them and removing debris from damaged tissue. It also initiates tissue repair.
    • Four cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
    • This inflammatory response involves the mobilization of body defenses, containment and destruction of pathogens, and tissue cleanup and repair.

    Inflammation 2

    • Suffix -itis denotes inflammation of specific organs (e.g., arthritis, pancreatitis, dermatitis).
    • Cytokines are small proteins that regulate inflammation and immunity.
    • They are mainly secreted by leukocytes (white blood cells).
    • Cytokines alter the physiology of the receiving cell, act locally (paracrine action) or on the same cell that secretes them (autocrine action).
    • These include interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, chemotactic factors, and others.

    Inflammation 3

    • The three main processes of inflammation:
      • Mobilization of body defenses.
      • Containment and destruction of pathogens.
      • Tissue cleanup and repair.
    • In initial response to tissue injury, blood flow increases (hyperemia).
    • Chemicals (like histamine, leukotrienes) in the blood cause local vasodilation and increased capillary permeability allowing defensive leukocytes and fluid to enter the injured area.

    Mobilization of Defenses

    • Mobilizing defenses involves:
      • Vasoactive chemicals constrict blood vessels to increase blood flow to the area (hyperemia).
      • Increased capillary permeability allows fluids, leukocytes, and plasma proteins to leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue.
      • Cell adhesion molecules (selectins) attract leukocytes to the blood vessel walls.
      • Leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells to enter the tissue fluid (diapedesis or emigration).
    • The process removes toxins and metabolic waste from the site more rapidly.

    Mobilization of Defenses 2

    • Vasoactive chemicals stimulate endothelial cells to contract, effectively widening the gap between them.
    • Increased capillary permeability leads to fluids, leukocytes, and plasma proteins leaving the bloodstream.
    • Selectins, adhesion molecules, play a vital role for leukocytes recruitment to the injured area.
    • Diapedesis is the movement of leukocytes across blood vessel walls into tissue fluid, to facilitate the battle against pathogens.
    • Extravasated cells and chemicals leave the bloodstream and flow into the affected tissue.

    Mobilization of Defenses 3

    • Inflammation's cardinal signs:
      • Heat (resulting from hyperemia)
      • Redness (associated with hyperemia and extravasated red blood cells)
      • Swelling (edema due to increased fluid filtration in the capillaries)
      • Pain (caused by direct nerve injury, pressure on nerves from swelling, and stimulatory effects of prostaglandins, bacterial toxins, and bradykinin on pain receptors.)

    Mobilization of Defenses 4

    • Neutrophil Behavior:
      • Margination – leukocytes adhere to blood vessel walls.
      • Diapedesis (emigration) – leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells and move into tissue fluid.
      • Chemotaxis – inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injured site.

    Diapedesis

    • This process depicts the steps of leukocyte emigration; a process where leukocytes leave the bloodstream to enter tissues. Steps:
      • Rolling
      • Capture
      • Adhesion and activation
      • Spreading
      • Extravasation

    Containment and Destruction of Pathogens

    • Prioritizes preventing the spread of pathogens.
    • Fibrinogen in tissue fluid forms a clot, creating a wall that isolates microbes.
    • Heparin prevents clotting at the injury site.
    • Pathogens exist in a fluid pocket encompassed by a clot, where they get attacked by antibodies, phagocytes, and other defense mechanisms.

    Containment and Destruction of Pathogens 2

    • Neutrophils, the primary defense against bacteria, accumulate at the injury site within an hour.
    • After entering the tissue, they exhibit chemotaxis (movement based on chemical signals/gradients directed towards injury site.)
    • Chemotaxis leads neutrophils to the injury via signals like bradykinin and leukotrienes.

    Containment and Destruction of Pathogens 3

    • Neutrophils rapidly respond to and kill bacteria through phagocytosis; engulfing and destroying them.
    • Neutrophils also exhibit a respiratory burst, releasing harmful chemicals to kill microbes.
    • Neutrophils and macrophages secrete cytokines, attracting additional neutrophils and macrophages to the site.
    • Macrophages and T- cells secrete a colony-stimulating factor to stimulate the production of leukocytes. This raises the total WBC count in the blood.
    • Increase in neutrophils (Neutrophilia) is seen in bacterial infections, and increase in eosinophils (Eosinophilia) in allergic or parasitic infections.

    Tissue Cleanup and Repair 1

    • Monocytes arrive at the injury site, developing into macrophages within 8 to 12 hours.
    • These macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, and dead neutrophils.

    Tissue Cleanup and Repair 2

    • Edema helps clean up tissues by compressing veins and reducing venous drainage.
    • It also forces open valves in lymphatic capillaries, promoting lymphatic drainage and assisting in removal of bacteria, debris, dead cells, and proteins.
    • Pus is a yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and tissue fluid.
    • Abscess is an accumulation of pus in a tissue cavity.

    Tissue Cleanup and Repair 3

    • Platelet-derived growth factor, a chemical secreted by platelets and endothelial cells at injury sites, stimulates fibroblast proliferation. Stimulates the synthesis of collagen.
    • Hyperemia delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other essential nutrients for protein synthesis at the damaged site.

    Tissue Cleanup and Repair 4

    • Increased heat increases metabolic rate, promoting mitosis and tissue repair.
    • Fibrin clots provide a scaffold for tissue reconstruction.
    • Pain limits the use of affected body parts, facilitating rest and healing.

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Adaptive immunity involves the body's specific response to foreign agents (antigens).
    • Phases of adaptive immune response:
      • Recognition phase (the body identifies the antigen).
      • Activation and clonal expansion phase (the immune system produces specific lymphocytes).
      • Effector response phase (the lymphocytes eliminate the antigen).
      • Declining phase (the immune response weakens).
      • Memory cell generation phase (the immune system creates memory cells to quickly recognize the same antigen in the future).

    General Aspects of Adaptive Immunity

    • The immune system has a large population of cells that recognize foreign substances (antigens) and eliminate them.
    • Features of adaptive immunity, distinguishing it from innate immunity:
      • Systemic effect throughout the body.
      • Specificity of the response to a particular antigen.
      • Memory; if body encounters the same antigen again, it reacts faster.

    Forms of Adaptive Immunity 1

    • Cellular immunity involves lymphocytes directly attacking and destroying foreign cells or diseased host cells.
    • This type of immunity eliminates pathogens residing inside human cells (where antibodies cannot reach).

    Forms of Adaptive Immunity 2

    • Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies circulating in body fluids.
    • Antibodies don't directly kill pathogens. Instead, they mark (tag) them for destruction.
    • Effectively fights against extracellular viruses, bacteria, yeasts, protozoans, and toxins.

    Forms of Immunity 1

    • Natural active immunity: Antibodies or T-cells produced in response to a natural infection.
    • Artificial active immunity: Antibodies or T-cells produced by vaccination using attenuated or inactivated forms of pathogens.
    • Vaccines: stimulate an immune response without causing disease, to promote the development of antibodies against specific diseases.
    • Booster shots: periodic vaccine doses to create a high level of protection and immune memory.

    Forms of Immunity 2

    • Natural passive immunity: Temporary immunity from antibodies produced in another person and passed on to the recipient (e.g., antibodies from mother to baby).
    • Artificial passive immunity: Temporary immunity from the injection of antibodies from another person or animal (e.g., antivenom). This is used for rapid, temporary protection. Often used for treatment of snakebites, butulism etc.

    Antigens 1

    • Antigens are any molecule that triggers an immune response.
    • Molecular weight exceeding 10,000 amu.
    • Complex molecules specific to each individual.
    • Include proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
    • Characteristic structures distinguish self from non-self molecules.

    Antigens 2

    • Haptens: small molecules that cannot trigger an immune response by themselves.
    • Instead, they combine with larger host molecules, creating complexes.
    • The body treats these complex haptens as foreign, triggering immune responses.
    • Common in industrial chemicals, cosmetics, detergents, poison ivy, and animal dander.
    • Particularly important in allergy development.

    What is an Antibody?

    • Antibodies are blood proteins developed in response to a specific antigen.
    • They bind to antigens (like bacteria, viruses), marking them for destruction by the immune system.
    • Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system.
    • Their structure involves various types (e.g., IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE).

    Antibody Classes 1

    • Antibody classes are categorized based on the structure of their C-region.
    • IgA: A monomer in plasma but can exist in a dimeric form (two molecules bonded) in mucus, tears, milk, saliva, and intestinal secretions; prevents pathogens from attaching to epithelial surfaces.
    • IgD: monomer, transmembrane receptor thought to activate B cells.
    • Provides passive immunity to newborns.

    Antibody Classes 2

    • IgE: monomer; transmembrane protein on basophils and mast cells.
    • Stimulates release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators; attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections; involved in immediate hypersensitivity or allergic reactions.

    Antibody Classes 3

    • IgG: monomer, constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies.
    • Crosses placenta to fetus.
    • Crucial in secondary immune responses.
    • Complement fixation.
    • IgM: pentamer in plasma and lymph.
    • Found in primary immune responses, involved in agglutination.
    • Complement fixation.

    Antibody Diversity

    • The human immune system can produce a vast number of antibodies.
    • This diversity arises from:
      • Somatic recombination: shuffling of DNA segments to generate new combinations of antibody gene sequences.
      • Somatic hypermutation: rapid mutations in B cells, further increasing antibody diversity within lymph nodes.

    Heard Immunity

    • A somewhat humorous cartoon on immunity. Illustrates general concepts about the body's immune response to different external influences.

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    Immune System Part II PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functions and mechanisms of inflammation and the immune response. This quiz covers the cardinal signs of inflammation, the role of cytokines, and the differences between adaptive and innate immunity. Perfect for students studying biology or medicine.

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