26 Questions
What is the definition of inflammation?
A dynamic response of vascularized tissue to injury
What is the purpose of inflammation?
To get rid of the injury or infection
What is the result of increased permeability and increased hydrostatic pressure?
Formation of fluid exudate
What type of cells are involved in the acute inflammatory response?
Neutrophils and lymphocytes
What is the term for the migration of leukocytes across the endothelium and vessel wall?
Diapedesis
What is the term for the initial slowing of leukocytes along the endothelial surface?
Margination
What is the term for the directional movement of leukocytes towards a chemical attractant?
Chemotaxis
What is the term for the engulment and digestion of foreign particles and microorganisms?
Phagocytosis
What is the term for the sequence of events that leads to the formation of inflammatory exudate?
Exudation
What is the term for the process by which the endothelial cells contract, leading to increased permeability?
Endothelial cell contraction
What is the characteristic of the pus in Cellulitis?
Thin
Which type of inflammation is characterized by localized abscesses?
Localized suppurative inflammation
What is the term for the directed movement of inflammatory cells towards the site of injury under the effect of chemical mediators?
Chemotaxis
What is the name of the tract that communicates between a deep abscess and the surface?
Fistula
What is the process by which phagocytic cells recognize and engulf foreign particles and dead tissue, followed by their degradation?
Phagocytosis
Which type of non-suppurative inflammation is characterized by a local defect in the surface?
Urticaria
What type of acute inflammation is characterized by pus formation?
Suppurative inflammation
What is the term for the spread of infection through the bloodstream?
Septicemia
Which type of non-suppurative inflammation is characterized by a fibrinous exudate?
Fibrinous
What is the name of the enzyme responsible for fibrin deposition and localization of the infection site?
Coagulase
What is the term for a small abscess related to a hair follicle?
Furuncle
What is the term for the spread of infection through the lymphatic system?
Pyemia
Which type of non-suppurative inflammation is characterized by a pseudomembrane?
Diphtheria
What is the term for a large subcutaneous deep abscess that opens in the skin by multiple sinuses?
Carbuncle
What is the outermost zone of an abscess that consists of inflammatory cells?
Peripheral zone
What is the term for the protein-based substance that makes up the outermost layer of an abscess?
Pyogenic membrane
Study Notes
Definition and Purpose of Inflammation
- Inflammation is a dynamic response of vascularized tissue to injury, aiming to get rid of the injurious agent or damaged tissue.
- The process involves vascular changes leading to the formation of inflammatory exudate.
Types of Inflammation
- Gastritis: inflammation of the stomach
- Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix
- Tonsillitis: inflammation of the tonsil
- Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
- Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder
- Pneumonia: inflammation of the lung
- Pleurisy: inflammation of the pleura
Causes of Inflammation
- Chemical: acid, alkali
- Physical: heat, cold, trauma
- Infection: bacteria, virus, fungal
- Immunological: effectiveness of nature of stimulus and protective mechanisms
Acute Inflammation
- Rapid onset and short duration
- Characterized by prominent vascular response and neutrophils
- Aims to remove the agent/tissue damage and form fluid and cellular exudate
- Vascular changes: transient vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased permeability
- Formation of fluid exudate: vasodilation, increased hydrostatic pressure, and increased osmotic pressure
Vascular Reactions
- Exudation: change in caliber, increased permeability, endothelial cell contraction, and endothelial damage
- Transcytosis: protein-rich fluid (fluid exudate)
Leukocyte Journey
- Margination: due to stasis, leukocytes come peripheral along endothelial cells
- Rolling and adhesion to endothelial cells
- Migration across the endothelium and vessel wall: diapedesis or transmigration
- Chemotaxis: directed movement of inflammatory cells toward the site of injury under the effect of chemical mediators (chemoattractant)
- Phagocytosis: recognition and engulfment of foreign particles, followed by their degradation
Types of Acute Inflammation
- Suppurative (with pus formation): characterized by pus formation
- Non-suppurative (without pus formation): characterized by absence of pus formation
Suppurative Inflammation
- Mechanism of pus formation: bacteria, tissue necrosis, attraction of neutrophils, dead neutrophils, and pus
- Types of suppurative inflammation: localized (abscess, furuncle, carbuncle) and diffuse (cellulitis, peritonitis)
Non-suppurative Inflammation
- Fibrinous (e.g., pneumonia)
- Serous (e.g., burn)
- Serofibrinous (e.g., serous sac)
- Catarrhal (e.g., rhinitis, pharyngitis)
- Pseudomembranous (e.g., diphtheria)
- Haemorrhagic (e.g., smallpox)
- Necrotizing (e.g., cancrum oris)
- Allergic (e.g., urticaria)
Complications of Inflammation
- Resolution: tissue destruction, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation
- Complications of abscess: sinus, fistula, ulcer
- Spread of infection: direct, toxemia, blood, lymphatic, pyemia, and septicemia
Learn about the definition and purpose of inflammation, as well as different types of inflammation affecting various body parts such as the stomach, appendix, tonsils, liver, and gallbladder.
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