40 Questions
What is the duration of chronic inflammation?
Weeks, months to years
What is the primary cause of chronic inflammation in diseases such as tuberculosis?
Persistent infection by microbes
What is the result of tissue destruction in chronic inflammation?
Angiogenesis and fibrosis
What is the characteristic feature of chronic inflammation in terms of cell infiltration?
Infiltration with mononuclear cells
What is the role of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
To ingest the dead tissue and the causative agents
What is the consequence of chronic inflammation in terms of systemic effects?
Systemic manifestations of inflammation
What is the primary mechanism of macrophage accumulation in chronic inflammation?
All of the above, including continued recruitment of monocytes
What is the primary role of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?
Antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity
What is the effect of IFN-γ on macrophages?
Activation of macrophages
What is the result of unchecked macrophage activation in chronic inflammation?
Tissue injury and fibrosis
What is the role of macrophages in presenting antigens to T lymphocytes?
To display antigens to T lymphocytes
What is the location of Kupffer cells?
Liver
What do activated T lymphocytes produce?
IFN-γ
What is the name of the chemokine that primes eosinophils for chemotaxis?
Eotaxin
What is the characteristic of a granuloma?
Localized collection of epithelioid cells, surrounded by lymphocytes, giant cells and fibroblasts
What is the type of chronic inflammation characterized by a focal response leading to the formation of a specific lesion?
Specific chronic inflammation
What is the role of mast cells in inflammatory reactions?
Participation in both acute and chronic inflammatory reactions
What is the type of cells that are formed by the fusion of macrophages and contain many nuclei?
Giant cells
What is characteristic of Langhan Giant Cells?
Nuclei are arranged at the periphery in a horse shoe shaped manner
What is the characteristic of caseating granulomas?
Central zone of caseous necrosis
What is the outcome of the healing process of granulomas?
Healing by fibrosis
Which of the following is an example of an Infective Granuloma?
Tuberculosis
What is the causative agent of Leprosy?
Mycobacterium Leprae
What is characteristic of Foreign Body Granulomas?
Caused by foreign substances such as silica or talc
Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of inflammation?
Hypertension
What is the primary function of IL-6 in the acute-phase reaction?
Stimulation of hepatic synthesis of opsonins
Which of the following is caused by the release of TNF and IL-1?
Leukocytosis
What is the mechanism by which fibrinogen affects the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
Fibrinogen binds to erythrocytes, causing them to aggregate
Which of the following is an example of an exogenous pyrogen?
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides
What is the effect of endogenous pyrogens on the hypothalamus?
They reset the body temperature setpoint to a higher level
What is the primary function of TNF and IL-1 in the systemic inflammatory response?
Causing the release of cells from the bone marrow
What is the effect of fibrinogen on the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
It increases the ESR
What is the primary source of endogenous pyrogens?
Leukocytes
What is the characteristic of the leukocytosis in bacterial infections?
Increase in neutrophils
What is the effect of IL-6 on the hepatic synthesis of opsonins?
It stimulates the synthesis of opsonins
What is the role of endothelial cells in the systemic inflammatory response?
They synthesize prostaglandins
What is the characteristic of the leukocytosis in viral infections?
Increase in lymphocytes
What is the effect of pyrogens on the body temperature?
It increases the body temperature by 1-4 C
What is the primary mechanism of leukocyte count elevation in the systemic inflammatory response?
Release of cells from the bone marrow
What is the characteristic of the leukocytosis in allergic conditions and parasite infestations?
Increase in eosinophils
Test your knowledge of chronic inflammation, its causes, characteristic features, and systemic effects. Learn about the cells and mediators involved and the mechanism of granulomatous inflammation.
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