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Questions and Answers
What characterizes an abscess?
What characterizes an abscess?
Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of inflammation?
What is a defining feature of chronic inflammation?
What is a defining feature of chronic inflammation?
Which condition is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammation?
Which condition is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammation?
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What does an ulcer represent in terms of tissue damage?
What does an ulcer represent in terms of tissue damage?
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What is the first type of leukocyte to predominate during the initial phase of acute inflammation?
What is the first type of leukocyte to predominate during the initial phase of acute inflammation?
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Which cardinal sign corresponds to the symptom of pain in inflammation?
Which cardinal sign corresponds to the symptom of pain in inflammation?
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Which component of inflammation leads to increased blood flow to the affected area?
Which component of inflammation leads to increased blood flow to the affected area?
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What process characterized by the accumulation of leukocytes at the site of injury is initiated during inflammation?
What process characterized by the accumulation of leukocytes at the site of injury is initiated during inflammation?
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What is an important consequence of increased permeability of the microvasculature during inflammation?
What is an important consequence of increased permeability of the microvasculature during inflammation?
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Which type of leukocyte primarily increases during viral infections?
Which type of leukocyte primarily increases during viral infections?
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What is the primary role of neutrophils during acute inflammation?
What is the primary role of neutrophils during acute inflammation?
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What is the outcome of acute inflammation characterized by regeneration and repair?
What is the outcome of acute inflammation characterized by regeneration and repair?
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Study Notes
Definition of Inflammation
- Inflammation is a defensive response initiated by the body against local tissue damage.
Etiology of Inflammation
- Physical agents: Extreme temperatures, electric shocks, radiation, and mechanical injuries
- Chemical agents: Acids, alkalis, and drugs
- Biological agents: Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi), parasites (helminths, insects), and immune complexes
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Rubor (redness): Increased blood flow to the injured area
- Dolor (pain): Stimulation of pain receptors from the inflammatory process
- Calor (heat): Increased blood flow leading to increased temperature
- Tumor (swelling): Accumulation of fluid in the injured area
- Functio laesa (loss of function): Resulting impairment of tissue function
Components of Inflammation – Vascular Changes
- Transient vasoconstriction (seconds): Initial constriction, followed by vasodilation.
- Vasodilation: Widening of blood vessels, leading to increased blood flow.
- Increased vascular permeability: Widening of the gaps between blood vessel cells, allowing protein-rich fluids to leak into the tissue spaces.
- Increased concentration of red blood cells: Red blood cell concentration increases as fluid moves out.
- Leukocyte accumulation (stasis): White blood cells accumulate in the affected area.
Components of Inflammation – Cellular Events
- Leukocyte recruitment (margination & chemotaxis): Leukocytes are attracted to the site of injury and are activated to eliminate pathogens.
- Phagocytosis: Ingestion and destruction of pathogens and cellular debris by leukocytes.
- Intracellular microbial killing: Leukocytes destroy intracellular microbes.
- Different types of leukocytes: Neutrophils first, followed by monocytes/macrophages, then lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells/basophils, depending on the duration and nature of the inflammatory response.
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- Resolution: Regeneration and repair when tissue damage is limited.
- Abscess: A collection of pus (neutrophils, monocytes, and cellular debris), often walled off by fibrous tissue
- Ulcer: Loss of surface epithelium due to inflammation.
- Fistula: Abnormal communication between two organs or an organ and a surface.
Chronic Inflammation
- Persistent inflammation, lasting months or years.
- Occurs when the offending agent is not removed or immune responses are directed at self-antigens.
- Can lead to the formation of a scar.
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Fever: Increased body temperature.
- Leukocytosis: Increased white blood cell count.
- Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
- Decreased sweating.
- Anorexia and malaise.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of inflammation, including its definition, etiology, cardinal signs, and vascular changes associated with the inflammatory response. Understand how the body reacts to tissue damage and the key indicators of inflammation.
