Inflammation Chapter 3

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Questions and Answers

What histopathological feature is indicative of chronicity in inflammation?

Fibrosis (correct)

Acute inflammatory cells

End arteritis obliterans

Granuloma formation

Which of the following types of inflammation produces a characteristic microscopic picture called granuloma?

Tissue repair inflammation

Chronic non-specific inflammation

Acute inflammation

Chronic specific inflammation (correct)

What type of granuloma includes organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Leishmania species?

Metaplastic granuloma

Fibrous granuloma

Infective granuloma (correct)

Non-infective granuloma

Which cell type primarily comprises the bulk of a granuloma?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What type of granuloma occurs due to a reaction to foreign materials like suture material?

Foreign body granuloma Signup and view all the answers

What type of chronic inflammation is characterized by similar microscopic appearances regardless of the irritant?

Chronic non-specific inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with infective granulomas?

Asbestosis Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme produced by Streptococcus haemolyticus helps in the spread of infection by dissolving hyaluronic acid?

Hyaluronidase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by excess mucus secretion in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?

Catarrhal Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a pseudo membrane from necrotic cells, fibrin, and leucocytes?

Pseudomembranous Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?

It is always preceded by acute inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is characterized by an exudate rich in fibrinogen, often seen in lobar pneumonia?

Fibrinous Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which complication can arise from cellulitis?

Acute lymphangitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates a characteristic of hemorrhagic inflammation?

Cellular exudate rich in red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the consistency of pus in cellulitis?

Thin with many RBCs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation-3

Cellulitis:
- Definition: Acute, diffuse suppurative inflammation
- Cause: Streptococcus haemolyticus. The bacteria produce two enzymes:
  - Fibrinolysin (streptokinase): Dissolves fibrin
  - Hyaluronidase (spreading factor): Dissolves hyaluronic acid, aiding bacterial spread.
- Sites: Loose connective tissue (e.g., subcutaneous tissue, scrotum, orbit, appendix wall).
- Characterizations:
  - Failure of localization due to fibrin absence
  - Extensive necrosis
  - Sanguinous (pus with high RBC count) consistency
- Complications:
  - Acute lymphangitis and lymphadenitis
  - Blood spread (septicemia and toxemia)

Non-Suppurative Inflammation

Catarrhal Inflammation:
- Mild acute inflammation of mucous membranes (respiratory and GIT).
- Characterized by excess mucus secretion.
- Examples: Catarrhal rhinitis (common cold), bronchitis.
Pseudomembranous Inflammation:
- Severe acute inflammation.
- Forms a pseudo-membrane on affected surface.
- Composed of necrotic cells, fibrin threads, and leucocytes.
- Examples: Diphtheria and bacillary dysentery
Fibrinous Inflammation:
- Characterized by an exudate rich in fibrinogen.
- Examples: Lobar pneumonia
- Sites: Skin, serous sacs (e.g., pleura, peritoneum, pericardium)
Serous, Fibrinous, Serofibrinous Inflammation:
- Involves skin or serous sacs.
- Characterized by excess serous exudates within the sac.
- Fibrin deposition occurs on the surface.
Hemorrhagic Inflammation:
- Characterized by cellular exudate rich in red blood cells.
- Due to vascular damage.
- Examples: Smallpox, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
Allergic Inflammation:
- Antigen-antibody reaction (e.g., urticaria).
- Characterized by abundant fluid exudates and eosinophils.

Chronic Inflammation

Characteristics:
- Mild irritant with prolonged action
- Gradual and prolonged tissue response
- May follow acute inflammation or begin as a slowly progressing chronic disease (e.g., tuberculosis, syphilis)
Histopathology:
- End arteritis obliterans (E.A.O.) of small arteries
- Presence of chronic inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages)
- Fibrosis (scar tissue formation) is the most reliable indicator of chronicity.

Types of Chronic Inflammation

Chronic non-specific inflammation:
- Different irritants cause the same non-specific microscopic picture.
- Examples: Chronic non-specific cholecystitis
Chronic specific inflammation:
- Each irritant/organism leads to a unique microscopic picture, called granuloma.
- Examples: tuberculosis, bilharziasis, leprosy

Granuloma

Definition: Chronic specific inflammation forming a tumor-like mass.
- Microscopically characterized by a focal accumulation of many chronic inflammatory cells.
Types:
- Infective:
  - Bacterial (tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis)
  - Parasitic (bilharziasis, leishmaniasis)
  - Mycotic (e.g., madura foot)
  - Viral (subacute granulomatous thyroiditis)
- Non-infective:
  - Asbestos, silicosis, foreign body granuloma
Unknown Cause:
- E.g., sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease

Histopathology of Granuloma

Primary component: Macrophages (derived from tissue histiocytes and blood monocytes).
Other cells: Lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils
Tissue features: Granulation tissue, fibrosis
Additional features: Specific organism/foreign body.

Microscopic Picture of Tuberculous Granuloma

Features:
- Alveolar walls
- Collar of lymphocytes
- Granuloma with epithelioid cell aggregation
- Necrosis center
- Presence of giant multinucleated cells (Langhans type)

Foreign Body Granuloma

Suture material/foreign matter inside body
Contains multinucleated giant cells - fused macrophages.
Foreign material is usually birefringent (visible under polarized light).

Bilharzial Granuloma

Presence of Bilharzial eggs surrounded by eosinophils.

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Explore key concepts in Chapter 3 about different types of inflammation, including cellulitis and catarrhal inflammation. Understand the definitions, causes, characterizations, and complications associated with these conditions. This quiz will test your knowledge on the inflammatory process and its implications in human health.