49 Questions
Which component of inflammation is responsible for causing pain, fever, and bronchospasm?
Principal mediators of inflammation
What are the two main components of inflammation?
Vascular changes and leukocyte recruitment
Which type of inflammation is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration?
Acute inflammation
What are the possible triggers of inflammation?
Infection, trauma, and tissue necrosis
What is the consistent feature of inflammation?
Excessive fluid in tissues or body cavities
What distinguishes exudate from transudate?
Protein content and specific gravity
What is the result of increased blood vessel permeability?
Excessive fluid in tissues or body cavities
What causes transudate to form?
Abnormal increase in hydrostatic pressure
What is the role of leukocytes in acute inflammation?
Adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis
What mediates leukocyte adhesion to endothelium?
Complementary adhesion molecules
What activates leukocytes and their integrins?
Chemokines from inflamed tissue
What is the process of leukocytes squeezing through endothelial gaps into the tissues called?
Transmigration
What directs leukocytes to move towards the site of injury?
Chemoattractant gradient
What involves leukocytes rolling along the endothelium?
Margination
What is the role of leukocytes in the multistep process of migration?
Different molecules playing predominant roles at different steps
What is a filtrate of plasma due to abnormal increase in hydrostatic pressure or decrease in plasma oncotic pressure?
Transudate
What is the function of Clotting Factor XII in inflammation?
Contributes to inflammation
Which cascade produces bradykinin, increasing vascular permeability and pain?
Kinin cascade
What impact do C3a, C5a, and C4a have on inflammation?
Impact vasodilatation and leukocyte activation
What are the key components of chronic inflammation?
Mononuclear cells, tissue injury, and fibrosis
Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils
What are the systemic effects of inflammation?
Cytokine-induced acute phase reactions and leukocytosis
Which morphologic pattern of inflammation involves exudation of cell-poor fluid into body cavities?
Serous inflammation
What characterizes fibrinous inflammation?
Increased vascular permeability and fibrin deposition
What leads to the formation of pus in purulent inflammation?
Leukocyte accumulation and bacterial infections
What is a sign of inflammation in terms of leukocyte count?
Leukocytosis, with elevated neutrophils, lymphocytes, or eosinophils
What is the specific gravity of pure water?
1.000
What drives fluid out of the circulatory system?
Hydrostatic pressure
What is the main component that generates plasma oncotic pressure?
Albumin
What are the cardinal features of inflammation?
Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and loss of function
What are the triggers of inflammation?
Infections, trauma, physical and chemical agents, foreign bodies, and more
What are the types of leukocytes (white blood cells) mentioned in the text?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils
What are the characteristics of acute inflammation?
Rapid onset, short duration, excessive fluid in tissues, and emigration of neutrophils
What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?
Slower onset, longer duration, involving lymphocytes, macrophages, and tissue changes
What are monocytes precursors of?
Macrophages
What are the key components involved in diseases caused by inflammatory reactions?
Vascular changes, cellular events, leukocyte recruitment, and chemical mediators
What are the vascular changes in acute inflammation?
Vasodilation, increased permeability, stasis, and escape of exudate into injured tissue
Which process involves recognition and attachment, engulfment, and killing and degradation of offending agents through oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms?
Phagocytosis
What is the primary source of vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin?
Mast cells
Which mediators can cause a secondary wave of mediator release and act on one type of target cell or a variety of different types?
Cytokines
What is the primary role of arachidonic acid metabolites in the acute inflammatory response?
Mediating leukocyte adhesion
Which proteins mediate/regulate immune/inflammatory reactions and act as chemoattractants for leukocytes, with major roles in acute inflammation?
Cytokines and chemokines
Which type of inflammation is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration?
Acute inflammation
What is the result of increased vascular permeability in the context of acute inflammation?
Formation of exudate
Which enzymes are produced by various cell types and can be metabolized by two enzymatic pathways, leading to the production of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins with various inflammatory effects?
Arachidonic acid metabolites
What are the principal mediators of inflammation that can be cellular or plasma proteins/systems?
Histamine and serotonin
What are the two enzymatic pathways involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, leading to the production of various inflammatory mediators?
Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways
Which proteins act by binding to specific receptors on target cells and can cause a secondary wave of mediator release?
Cytokines
Which cells play a crucial role in mediating leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium during inflammation?
Mast cells
Study Notes
Inflammation and Vascular Physiology Overview
- Specific gravity (SG) is the ratio of the weight of a solution to an equal volume of water, with pure water having a SG of 1.000.
- Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid on the walls of its container and drives fluid out of the circulatory system.
- Plasma oncotic pressure, generated mainly by albumin, pulls fluid into the circulatory system.
- Inflammation is a protective response of living tissue to injury, closely linked to the repair process.
- The cardinal features of inflammation include redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and loss of function.
- Triggers of inflammation encompass infections, trauma, physical and chemical agents, foreign bodies, and more.
- Acute inflammation has a rapid onset and short duration, with excessive fluid in tissues and emigration of neutrophils.
- Chronic inflammation has a slower onset and longer duration, involving lymphocytes, macrophages, and tissue changes.
- Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils are types of leukocytes (white blood cells).
- Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, which are key in the inflammatory response.
- Diseases caused by inflammatory reactions involve vascular changes, cellular events, leukocyte recruitment, and chemical mediators.
- Vascular changes in acute inflammation include vasodilation, increased permeability, stasis, and escape of exudate into injured tissue.
Leukocyte Activation and Phagocytosis in Acute Inflammation
- Leukocyte activation involves 5 essential responses, including the production of arachidonic acid metabolites, degranulation, activation of oxidative burst, secretion of cytokines, and an increase in binding affinity of adhesion molecules.
- Phagocytosis involves recognition and attachment, engulfment, and killing and degradation of offending agents through oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms.
- Chemical mediators of inflammation can originate from plasma or cells, and most act by binding to specific receptors on target cells.
- Released mediators can cause a secondary wave of mediator release and act on one type of target cell or a variety of different types.
- The principal mediators of inflammation can be cellular or plasma proteins/systems, including histamine, serotonin, lysosomal enzymes, arachidonic acid metabolites, and plasma proteins such as Factor XII activation, kinin, and complement C3 and C5 cleavage.
- Vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin are preformed and primarily found within mast cells, causing arteriolar dilatation and increasing vascular permeability.
- Arachidonic acid metabolites are produced by various cell types and can be metabolized by two enzymatic pathways, leading to the production of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins with various inflammatory effects.
- Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that mediate/regulate immune/inflammatory reactions and act as chemoattractants for leukocytes, with major roles in acute inflammation.
- Cytokines like TNF and IL-1 and chemokines like C-X-C and C-C have specific roles in acute inflammation, affecting different cell types and anatomic regions.
- The production of arachidonic acid metabolites by leukocytes and the action of cytokines and chemokines play crucial roles in the acute inflammatory response.
- The acute inflammatory response involves a complex interplay of leukocyte activation, phagocytosis, and the action of various chemical mediators, cytokines, and chemokines.
- Understanding the mechanisms of leukocyte activation, phagocytosis, and the roles of chemical mediators, cytokines, and chemokines is essential in comprehending the pathophysiology of acute inflammation.
Test your knowledge of inflammation and vascular physiology with this quiz covering topics such as specific gravity, hydrostatic pressure, plasma oncotic pressure, triggers of inflammation, leukocyte activation, phagocytosis, and the role of chemical mediators, cytokines, and chemokines in acute inflammation.
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