Inflammation and Vascular Monitoring

<p>It can lead to a decrease in albumin levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-invasive blood pressure cuff and heart rate monitoring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More advanced monitoring, such as arterial lines, cardiac output monitoring, or central lines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both static and dynamic parameters offer complementary information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's essential for proper fluid and electrolyte management. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures a consistent tidal volume and pressure for each breath. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable vasomotor tone and cardiac function. (A), Presence of a fever or infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the patient's fluid status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases due to the forced air delivery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces venous return and ventricular filling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may be a sign of hypovolemia or reduced vascular volume. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall clinical picture is a more accurate assessment of the patient's condition. (A), Dynamic parameters can be influenced by other factors besides fluid status. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expiratory Occlusion Test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases afterload, potentially hindering accurate cardiac output assessment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether there is sufficient oxygen being delivered to the tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Expiratory Occlusion Test is less sensitive to arrhythmias and spontaneous ventilation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleth Variability Index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to calculate cardiac output based on changes in end-tidal CO2 and CO2 excretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased iron absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cell production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage and release of iron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of iron stores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The clumping of red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 4 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase fibrinogen levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>22°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of bacterial growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 to 12 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the risk of immune reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30,000 to 50,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperlactatemia and metabolic alkalosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to effectively excrete potassium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These solutions are usually safe to use as they contain a low amount of potassium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain macromolecules that help retain fluid in the vascular space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% albumin is preferred for patients with severe fluid overload. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is less likely to cause metabolic acidosis than balanced salt solutions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A patient with severe hypovolemia requiring rapid volume expansion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactated Ringer's (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A protective layer on endothelial cells that can be damaged during inflammation.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane.

The movement of substances between adjacent cells.

Normal albumin leakage from blood vessels into tissue is about 5%.

Inflammation can increase albumin movement by 2 to 4 times.

Evaluating intravascular volume to guide medical therapy.

Measurements representing a single moment in time for assessing volume.

Measurements that assess changes in volume status over time.

A condition caused by elevated chloride levels, often due to large volumes of normal saline administration.

IV solutions like Lactated Ringer's that contain electrolytes in physiological concentrations used to maintain fluid balance.

An elevated level of lactate in the blood often associated with the administration of large volumes of Lactated Ringer's solution.

A disturbance where the body fluids have excess base (alkali) due to factors like overuse of buffered IV solutions.

Condition where a solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell, potentially causing cells to swell.

A process where citrate in blood products binds with calcium, potentially leading to hypocalcemia during massive transfusions.

Solutions containing large molecules that help retain fluid in the vascular space, including proteins like albumin.

A type of colloid protein solution available in different concentrations (5% and 25%) used in fluid resuscitation.

High doses increase alpha-1 vasoconstriction, raising afterload and affecting measurements.

Describes the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume in the heart.

A method to measure preload by stopping ventilation and assessing pulse pressure variations.

Non-invasive methods to assess how much blood the heart pumps, including ultrasound and pleth variability index.

Indicator of reduced oxygen delivery and potentially anaerobic metabolism in tissues.

Evaluates how the heart responds to fluid administration based on cardiac output measurements.

Technique using pulse ox to analyze blood flow and variability in heart function.

Monitoring CO2 levels in exhaled air to assess respiratory function and effectiveness.

A blood product containing fibrinogen, required for transfusion within 4 hours after thawing.

One unit of cryo can raise fibrinogen levels by 50 to 100 mg/dL, aiming for over 100 mg/dL for hemostasis.

Platelets live for approximately 8 to 12 days in circulation.

The typical platelet count in blood ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 cells per microliter.

Transfusions can be from pooled whole blood or single donor apheresis.

Process of removing white blood cells from platelets to decrease immune reactions during transfusions.

Receiving a single donor apheresis pack raises platelet count by 30,000 to 50,000 cells.

Platelets are stored at 22°C, which can risk bacterial growth due to warmth.

Ability of a monitor to accurately measure and report what it is supposed to measure.

A comprehensive view of all clinical indicators and patient conditions.

Fluctuations in parameters like blood pressure due to mechanical ventilation.

A method of mechanical ventilation that increases intrathoracic pressure.

Pressure within the thoracic cavity that affects venous return.

The degree of constriction of blood vessels, affecting blood flow.

The consistency of heart performance over time.

The maintenance of a steady volume of air delivered with each mechanical breath.

Iron is delivered to cell receptors and used for erythrocyte production.

Increased hemoglobin production releases stored iron.

A condition often undiagnosed, common in menstruating females.

Bariatric surgery can impair nutrient absorption, leading to deficiencies.

A condition resulting from insufficient iron for red blood cell production.

Transfusions can cause agglutination reactions due to antigens.

An inherited protein on red blood cells important in transfusions.

Stored red blood cells undergo biochemical changes over time.