Module 4 Lecture. Inflammation and Vascular Monitoring

A protective layer on endothelial cells that can be damaged during inflammation.

The movement of substances across the cell membrane.

The movement of substances between adjacent cells.

Normal albumin leakage from blood vessels into tissue is about 5%.

Inflammation can increase albumin movement by 2 to 4 times.

Evaluating intravascular volume to guide medical therapy.

Measurements representing a single moment in time for assessing volume.

Measurements that assess changes in volume status over time.

A condition caused by elevated chloride levels, often due to large volumes of normal saline administration.

IV solutions like Lactated Ringer's that contain electrolytes in physiological concentrations used to maintain fluid balance.

An elevated level of lactate in the blood often associated with the administration of large volumes of Lactated Ringer's solution.

A disturbance where the body fluids have excess base (alkali) due to factors like overuse of buffered IV solutions.

Condition where a solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell, potentially causing cells to swell.

A process where citrate in blood products binds with calcium, potentially leading to hypocalcemia during massive transfusions.

Solutions containing large molecules that help retain fluid in the vascular space, including proteins like albumin.

A type of colloid protein solution available in different concentrations (5% and 25%) used in fluid resuscitation.

High doses increase alpha-1 vasoconstriction, raising afterload and affecting measurements.

Describes the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume in the heart.

A method to measure preload by stopping ventilation and assessing pulse pressure variations.

Non-invasive methods to assess how much blood the heart pumps, including ultrasound and pleth variability index.

Indicator of reduced oxygen delivery and potentially anaerobic metabolism in tissues.

Evaluates how the heart responds to fluid administration based on cardiac output measurements.

Technique using pulse ox to analyze blood flow and variability in heart function.

Monitoring CO2 levels in exhaled air to assess respiratory function and effectiveness.

A blood product containing fibrinogen, required for transfusion within 4 hours after thawing.

One unit of cryo can raise fibrinogen levels by 50 to 100 mg/dL, aiming for over 100 mg/dL for hemostasis.

Platelets live for approximately 8 to 12 days in circulation.

The typical platelet count in blood ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 cells per microliter.

Transfusions can be from pooled whole blood or single donor apheresis.

Process of removing white blood cells from platelets to decrease immune reactions during transfusions.

Receiving a single donor apheresis pack raises platelet count by 30,000 to 50,000 cells.

Platelets are stored at 22°C, which can risk bacterial growth due to warmth.

Ability of a monitor to accurately measure and report what it is supposed to measure.

A comprehensive view of all clinical indicators and patient conditions.

Fluctuations in parameters like blood pressure due to mechanical ventilation.

A method of mechanical ventilation that increases intrathoracic pressure.

Pressure within the thoracic cavity that affects venous return.

The degree of constriction of blood vessels, affecting blood flow.

The consistency of heart performance over time.

The maintenance of a steady volume of air delivered with each mechanical breath.

Iron is delivered to cell receptors and used for erythrocyte production.

Increased hemoglobin production releases stored iron.

A condition often undiagnosed, common in menstruating females.

Bariatric surgery can impair nutrient absorption, leading to deficiencies.

A condition resulting from insufficient iron for red blood cell production.

Transfusions can cause agglutination reactions due to antigens.

An inherited protein on red blood cells important in transfusions.

Stored red blood cells undergo biochemical changes over time.